%PDF-1.3
%
12 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
23 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
26 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
11 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
15 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
14 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
4 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
18 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
16 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
10 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
21 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
6 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
22 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
17 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
13 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
24 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
8 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
9 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
20 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
27 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
1 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
7 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
19 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
25 0 obj
<>>>/BBox[0 0 612 792]/Length 131>>stream
xA =eǯi=IIf#afр`>[R"n'Zk&V%aNqAΙ;t)=аd%YƘG\E\ukm'5
endstream
endobj
29 0 obj
<>stream
Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT
Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.0.114/W
2019-01-14T13:22:21-08:00
2018-12-13T09:01:16+05:30
application/pdf
ELJ-2018-0528-ver9-Curiel_2P 328..353
uuid:09fb62f5-3e4e-480c-9bde-4a07bb653fee
uuid:73ab106a-32d4-4d4d-9f46-f652714c1bee
endstream
endobj
30 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
31 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y8#
endstream
endobj
32 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih Y
endstream
endobj
34 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
35 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid Y
endstream
endobj
36 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid V
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y\'
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih lT
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
43 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi ye(
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid Z
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih ~V
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yA$
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yJ%
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y+
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
55 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi y,
endstream
endobj
56 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
57 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid X
endstream
endobj
58 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
59 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yS&
endstream
endobj
60 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
61 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih Z
endstream
endobj
62 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
63 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih \
endstream
endobj
64 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
65 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih uU
endstream
endobj
66 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
67 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih [
endstream
endobj
68 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
69 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih X
endstream
endobj
70 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
71 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yw*
endstream
endobj
72 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
73 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih W
endstream
endobj
74 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
75 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid vU
endstream
endobj
76 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
77 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bih ]
endstream
endobj
78 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
79 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bi yn)
endstream
endobj
80 0 obj
<>stream
x+ |
endstream
endobj
81 0 obj
<>stream
xS**T0T0 Bid W
endstream
endobj
83 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10.959 0 0 10.959 71.7165 724.762 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(of)-382.7(se)19.8(v)13.7(eral)-385.4(attempts)-383.8(at)-379.1(adv)19.2(ancing)-382.4(state)20(wide)-381.9(mathe-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(matical)-537.3(measures)-537.7(\(Calidas)-534.7(2008;)-533.2(McGann)-538.1(et)-534.3(al.)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(2016\).)-345(Chief)-344.1(Justice)-346.9(John)-344.7(Roberts)-343.7(and)-348.1(former)-345.9(Jus-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(tice)-313.2(Anthony)-298.2(K)19.6(ennedy)-313.4(make)-313.3(clear)-310.9(that)-312(the)12.3(y)-312.2(are)-309.4(in-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(terested)-381.3(in)-377.8(the)-375.7(direct)-380.4(and)-374(indi)20.4(vidual)-377.7(harm)-375.6(done)-380.9(to)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(citizens)-283.3(when)-276.8(legislators)-271.1(violate)-279(their)-279(duty)-277.9(in)-279.5(an)-279(at-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(tempt)-301.8(to)-300.2(achie)16.5(ve)-289.4(partisan)-302.4(gain.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(If)-229(we)-226.6(are)-231.8(to)-227.8(focus)-225(on)-226(a)-230.7(more)-225.6(duty-ba)-6.7(sed)-225.1(approach)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(to)-326.1(gerrymandering,)-326.7(we)-324.9(must)-329.2(look)-319.3(beyond)-317.3(the)-324(utili-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(tarianism)-366.4(of)-362(outcome)-367(based)-364.5(measures,)-365.3(such)-366.6(as)-363(the)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(symmetry)-322(and)-317.1(ef)19.5(f)12.3(iciency)-314.7(standards)-319.2(as)-316.5(adv)19.2(anced)-318(by)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(Gelman)-623.1(and)-617.1(King)-618.6(\(1994b\))-620.8(and)-617.1(Stephanopoulos)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(and)-218.8(McGhee)-223.8(\(2015\).)-219(The)-218.6(reserv)13.6(ations)-218.5(raised)-219.5(by)-220.9(Jus-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(tice)-349.5(K)19.6(ennedy)-349.6(echo)-351.2(the)-349.8(concerns)-346.8(raised)-354(in)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
17.3508 0 TD
[(Davis)-348.7(v.)]TJ
-17.3508 -1.1795 TD
(Bandemer)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
4.1178 0 TD
[(,)-313.9(where)-317.5(justices)-314.2(feared)-317.6(dictating)-315.4(political)]TJ
-4.1178 -1.1847 TD
(outcomes.)Tj
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 116.6173 535.3511 Tm
(3)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 125.5748 530.4755 Tm
[(Redistricting)-445.5(reform)-444.2(needs)-447.3()120.9(historical)]TJ
-4.9145 -1.1795 TD
[(guidance)111.3()-344.7(and)-353.3(demonstrable)-350.6(e)17.6(vidence)-349.2(of)-351.7(a)-349.7(b)0(u)11.9(rden)]TJ
T*
[(on)-303.6(representation.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 151.0299 509.4424 Tm
(4)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 83.6787 491.6408 Tm
.0197 Tc
[(W)71.7(e)-216.2(may)-214.9(f)11.3(ind)-209.7(a)-216.2(more)-216.2(palat)-4.5(a)1.1(ble)-211(s)-4(olution)-214.9(b)2.4(y)-214.9(u)2.4(sing)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
.0191 Tc
[(a)-315(p)-3.4(roce)-4.7(ss-)-4.8(ba)-4.7(sed)-319(m)3.4(e)-4.7(a).5(s)-4.6(u)1.8(r)-4.8(e)-315(\(Cox)-313.8(2006\))-315.2(o)-3.4(f)-315.2(h)1.8(o)19.1(w)-314.9(dis-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0201 Tc
[(trict)-4.1(s)-236.4(are)-236.5(d)2.8(ra)11.9(wn.)-236.9(P)8.2(articularly)-240.4(promisi)-4.1(n)2.8(g)-235.2(a)-3.7(re)-236.5(T)20.1(r)10.1(adi-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0196 Tc
[(ti)-4.6(onal)-584(District)-4.6(ing)-582.3(P)-2.6(rinci)-4.6(p)2.3(les)-578.3(\()-4.3(TDPs\),)-584(st)-4.6(andards)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.021 Tc
[(ad)3.7(op)3.7(ted)-389.5(b)3.7(y)-389.5(s)2.5(tates)-390.7(t)2(o)-389.5(g)3.7(uide)-385.6(red)3.7(i)-3.2(strictin)3.7(g,)-386(such)-389.5(as)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0174 Tc
[(av)10.4(o)-5.1(i)-1.6(di)-6.8(ng)-460.3(irregu)-5.1(la)-6.4(r)-456.6(s)-1.1(ha)-6.4(pe)-6.4(s)-456.3(a)-1.2(n)-5.1(d)-455.2(f)-6.5(o).1(ll)-6.8(o)17.4(w)-1(in)-5.1(g)-455.2(c)-1.2(o)-5.1(u).1(n)-5.1(t)-1.6(y)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
0 Tc
[(and)-348.1(to)20.5(wn)-344.3(line)-6.8(s)-344.4(when)-349.2(drawing)-337.1(dist)-6.7(rict)-349.6(lines)-346(\(Niemi)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(et)-239.4(al.)-237.7(1990\).)-236.4(Justi)-9.7(ce)-233.8(K)19.6(enn)-6.7(edy)-234.3(expressed)-236(stro)-6.4(ng)-236.4(sym-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(pathy)-337.9(for)-339.4(TDPs)-338.3(and)-332.6(not)-7.1(ed)-336(they)-325.8(are)-335.3()115.7(impor)-8.6(tant)-337.8(not)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(because)-608.6(the)12.3(y)-601.9(are)-604.3(constitutionally)-603.4(required)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
18.2923 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.164 0 TD
[(bu)11.9(t)]TJ
-19.4563 -1.1795 TD
-.0177 Tc
[([be)-5.2(cause])-279.6(t)-.5(he)10.3(y)-278.2(a)-.1(re)-279.4(objecti)20.2(v)11.5(e)-279.4(f)-.3(actors)-279.3(t)-.5(hat)-279.9(m)-2.3(ay)-278.2(serv)11.5(e)-279.4(t)-.5(o)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0172 Tc
[(defeat)-160.4(a)-159.9(c).4(laim)-157(that)-160.4(a)-159.9(d)1.7(istrict)-160.4(h)1.7(as)-159.9(been)-158.7(gerrymandered.)67.3()119.2()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 294.7464 354.0471 Tm
0 Tc
(5)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 83.6787 336.2456 Tm
[(W)72.7(e)-282.4(ar)9.2(gue)-280.9(that)-280.9(to)-279.5(earn)-285.4(the)-277.4(Supreme)-283.7(Court)47.1(s)-277.2(f)0(a)9.2(v)0(o)11.9(r)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(on)-220.9(judicial)-220.4(interv)8.9(ention)-217.3(of)-222.3(gerrymandering,)-223.2(we)-216.2(need)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(to)-372.6(focus)-380.2(on)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
5.0697 0 TD
(what)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.3228 0 TD
[(has)-375.2(been)-340.8(violated)-379.1(in)-372.6(the)-375.7(attempt)]TJ
-7.3925 -1.1847 TD
[(to)-351.9(achie)16.5(ve)-341.1(political)-358.5(gain.)-350(Gi)16.1(v)13.7(e)0(n)-356.6(the)-349.8(Court)47.1(s)-349.6(hostil-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ity)-396.8(to)-398.5(measures)-403.2(based)-395.6(on)-396.8(the)-401.6(idea)-399.5(of)-393.1(proportional)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0216 Tc
[(representation)-318.3(a)1.2(s)-319.5(f)1(air)-319.7(r)1(epre)]TJ
10.3877 0 TD
-.0225 Tc
[(sentation,)-320.9(we)-320.4(look)-319.2(to)-298.5(what)]TJ
-10.3877 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(makes)-637(district)-635.7(based)-633.5(representation)-639.7(unique:)-633(the)]TJ
T*
[(ex)10.7(clusi)16.1(ve)-610.1(relationship)-623.5(between)-622.7(a)-618.7(geographically)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(constrained)-397(set)-392.4(of)-387.9(constituents)-395.6(and)-389.5(their)-392.8(represen-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(tati)17.4(ve)10.6(.)-443.2(T)70.8(o)-441.5(determine)-421.6(what)-444(amounts)-444.5(to)-439.9(a)-432.4(violation)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(of)-465.5(the)-463.6(constituent-representati)13(ve)-454.9(link,)-464.2(we)-464.6(look)-464.2(to)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(American)-319.1(historical)-319.8(conceptions)-318(of)-289.6(fair)-318.3(representa-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(tion)-315.9(with)-315.2(self-e)17(vident)-315.6(justif)12.4(ication.)-318.7(In)-315.4(applying)-314(fair)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
-.0193 Tc
[(red)4.8(i)-2.1(s)3.6(t)-2.1(ricting)-284.9(t)-2.1(o)-284.9(p)-.4(reserv)9.9(e)-286.2(t)-2.1(he)-286.2(con)4.8(s)-1.6(tituent-represen)4.8(tati)18.6(v)15.1(e)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
0 Tc
[(li)18.8(nk)17.1(,)-200.1(w)0(e)-195.6(m)0(u)18.7(s)0(t)-197.9(d)13.7(e)28(v)18.9(e)12.5(l)0(o)15.4(p)-203.6(a)-204.8(s)12.5(ta)19.3(nd)17.1(ar)19.5(d)-203.6(n)0(o)-195(m)10.2(or)20.8(e)-204.8(c)0(o)15.8(m)10.2(pl)20.5(e)17.6(x)-203.6(t)12(o)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ap)15.8(p)13.7(l)0(y)-295(t)12(ha)21(n)-301.8(o)0(n)17.1(e)-297.9(pe)15.8(r)12.3(s)0(o)15.9(n)13.7(,)-303.5(o)0(n)22.3(e)-282.4(v)18.9(o)13.7(te)14.1(.)-298.4(I)0(n)20.8(d)0(i)41.2(v)0(i)15.4(d)13.7(ua)15.8(l)-298.4(b)18.9(ur)20.8(de)15.8(n)13.7(s)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(to)-502(re)14.4(p)13.7(r)0(e)19.5(s)0(e)14.6(n)13.7(ta)19.3(ti)18.8(on)-474.4(v)13.7(i)0(a)-498(v)13.7(io)20.5(la)14.1(t)12(i)12(o)0(n)-505.4(o)0(f)-501.7(t)12(he)-506.7(co)21(ns)15.9(t)12(i)12(t)0(u)15.4(e)12.5(nt)20.5(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(re)19.5(pr)15.6(e)12.5(s)0(e)14.6(n)13.7(ta)19.3(ti)39.5(v)18.9(e)-199.6(li)18.8(nk)-195(m)10.2(u)13.7(st)-192.8(be)-191.1(m)10.2(a)0(d)15.8(e)-199.6(e)28(v)0(i)20.5(d)0(e)15.8(n)13.7(t)-200.1(a)0(n)15.8(d)-198.4(di)15.4(r)12.3(e)0(c)19.7(t)0(l)18.8(y)]TJ
T*
[(af)40.2(fe)14.4(c)12.5(t)-293.2(i)12(n)0(d)17.1(i)32.7(vi)20.5(du)17.1(a)12.5(l)-293.2(c)12.5(i)0(t)18.8(i)0(z)19.3(e)0(n)15.8(s)12.5(.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(W)72.7(e)-370.4(propose)-368.3(that)-368.9(the)-370.5(modern-day)-373.6(incarnation)-371.7(of)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(the)-510.2(original)-508.6(intent)-508.7(behind)-510.4(redistricting)-514.6(principles)]TJ
21.8204 59.088 TD
[(takes)-242.1(the)-246.4(form)-246.4(of)-243(preserving)-243.7(ZIP)-244.4(Codes.)-247.3(The)-244.4(found-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ing)-369.3(fathers)-377.9(articulated)-374.7(an)-377.3(ideal)-372(district)-377(as)-373.4(one)-368.8(that)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(was)-374.4(compact)-378.6(in)-372.6(order)-375.3(to)-372.6(preserve)-363.8(natural)-377(political)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(communities,)-308.3(as)-300.9(institutionalized)-308.1(through)-305.5(the)-308.4(func-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(tional)-369(design)-366.8(of)-367.2(to)20.5(wns)-368(and)-368.8(counties.)-371.7(Although)-368.9(the)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(standards)-231.3(used)-232.1(in)-232.9(1789)-229.7(can)-230.4(no)-231.2(longer)-232.6(be)-227.3(directly)-235.7(ap-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(plied)-406.9(to)-408.8(modern-day)-409.8(redistricting,)-409.5(the)-411.9(form,)-410.3(func-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(tion,)-391.8(and)-394.7(rules)-397.5(behind)-396.6(creating)-395.6(ZIP)-394.4(Codes)-399(creates)]TJ
T*
-.014 Tc
[(a)-456.8(m)1.4(odern-day)-455.5(analogu)4.9(e)-462(t)3.2(o)-460.7(t)3.2(he)-456.8(ideal)-457.2(d)-.3(istrict)-462.4(w).4(h)4.9(e)-1.5(re)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0139 Tc
[(citizens)-456.6(kno)25.7(w)-459.9(a)3.7(nd)-455.4(ha)8.9(v)15.3(e)-456.7(the)-456.7(o)-.2(p)5(portun)5(i)-1.9(ty)-455.4(to)-455.4(en)5(gage)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
-.0134 Tc
[(with)-496.3(th)5.5(eir)-497.8(r)4(eprese)4.2(ntati)24.5(v)10.7(e.)-498(Whe)4.2(n)-501.5(co)5.5(ngress)4.3(io)5.5(nal)-498(d).3(is-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0141 Tc
[(tricts)-389.6(di)23.8(vid)4.8(e)-389.6(ZIP)-382.9(C).1(odes,)-390.1(the)8.7(y)-383.2(break)-388.4(t)3.1(he)-389.6(co)4.8(nstituen)4.8(t-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
-.0144 Tc
[(representati)23.5(v)9.7(e)-452(l)-2.4(ink)-455.9(b)4.5(oth)-455.9(durin)4.5(g)-455.9(a)3.2(nd)-455.9(after)-452.2(e)-1.9(lection)4.5(s)-1.9(,)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.014 Tc
[(which)-264.1(h)4.9(arms)-260.1(rep)4.9(ublican)-264.1(acc)]TJ
10.9257 0 TD
-.0144 Tc
[(ountab)4.5(ility)61.4(.)-266.2(T)4.7(h)-.7(e)-265.8(r)-2.1(esulting)]TJ
-10.9257 -1.1795 TD
-.0139 Tc
[(confu)5(s)-1.4(ion)-460.6(b)15.3(urd)5(e)-1.4(ns)-456.6(fair)-456.9(and)-455.4(e)-1.4(f)24.2(f)-1.6(ecti)24(v)10.2(e)-456.7(rep)5(r)-1.6(esentation)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0141 Tc
[(in)-222.8(vio)4.8(l)-2.1(atio)4.8(n)-259(o)4.8(f)-255.3(t)-2.1(he)-255.1(First)-255.6(a)-1.6(nd)-253.9(F)10.2(o)4.8(urteen)4.8(th)-253.9(Amend)4.8(m)-3.9(ents.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(W)72.7(e)-266.9(demonstrate)-271.2(the)-261.9(suitability)-270.6(of)-268.9(preserving)-264.4(ZIP)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(Codes)-445.6(as)-445.8(a)-448(procedural)-450.7(constraint)-447.4(for)-448(redistricting)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(in)-315.7(fi)29.4(ve)-310.1(steps.)-323.1(W)72.7(e)-318.6(fir)10.7(st)-322.1(make)-318.5(e)17.6(vident)-320.8(that)-322.3(a)-318.6(political)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(outcome)-315.3(defi)9(nition)-316(alone)-297.8(will)-316.9(not)-312.4(pass)-321.3(the)-313.6(scrutiny)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(of)-372.4(the)-375.7(Supreme)-376.8(Court.)-372.2(This)-377.2(is)-373.8(made)-375.4(clear)-378.1(in)-372.6(their)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(e)12.5(xpressed)-227.7(desire)-224.7(for)-220.4(a)-220.3(historically)-226.9(theory)-222.2(dri)17.3(v)13.7(e)0(n)-222.1(def-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(inition)-335.1(that)-337.8(can)-339(be)-336(consistently)-338.7(applied,)-337.7(as)-337.1(demon-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(strated)-326.5(in)-320.9(their)-325.6(ruling)-326.1(on)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
10.3153 0 TD
[(Gill)-327.2(v.)-322.1(Whitford)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
6.4716 0 TD
.324 Tc
[(.W)396.7(en)324(e)334.7(x)324(t)]TJ
-16.7869 -1.1847 TD
0 Tc
[(e)12.5(xplore)-594.7(and)-591.2(deduce)-588.8(ho)17.1(w)-590.8(early)-589(American)-593.3(states)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(and)-301.5(the)-303.3(founding)-307.3(fathers)-305.5(interpreted)-305.9(the)-303.3(purpose)-306.2(of)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(a)-308.3(leg)12.3(islati)16(v)13.7(e)-308.3(district,)-313.3(and)-306.7(the)-308.4(standards)-308.9(by)-308.8(which)-306.2(to)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(leg)12.3(islate)-231.8(their)-227.3(ideals)-224.9(into)-227.9(law)69.9(.)-225.9(W)72.7(e)-225.5(follo)22.3(w)-228.7(u)0(p)-226(b)0(y)-226.1(dem-)]TJ
T*
[(onstrating)-249.6(that)-255.1(due)-249.8(to)-248.5(the)-251.5(changes)-250.4(in)-253.6(population)-252.1(and)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(construction)-306.2(of)-310.3(local)-304.7(jurisdictional)-309.8(boundaries,)-307.8(ZIP)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(Codes)-269.7(are)-268.1(the)-267.1(closest)-269.3(fit)-258.6(to)-269.2(the)-267.1(original)-270.6(early)-268.2(Amer-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ican)-290.8(ideal.)-287.5(W)67.6(e)-287.6(then)-289.6(use)-292.4(mass)-288.6(surv)10.8(ey)-279(e)17.6(vidence)-292.3(from)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(the)-680.9(Cooperati)18.2(ve)-672.2(Congressional)-684.6(Election)-689.3(Surv)12.3(ey)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(\(CCES\))-519.3(from)-520.6(2008)-519.4(to)-517.5(2016)-519.4(to)-522.6(demonstrate)-519.5(that)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(when)-354.4(congressional)-355.3(districts)-354.1(split)-351.6(ZIP)-353(Codes,)-355.9(con-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(stituents)-451(are)-454.3(less)-452.3(likely)-451.8(to)-450.2(remember)-457.6(and)-451.6(contact)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(their)-289.4(representati)10.6(v)13.7(e)0(,)-291.1(and)-296.4(percei)18.4(v)13.7(e)-282.4(greater)-295.2(alienation)]TJ
T*
[(from)-318.9(their)-315.2(representati)15.7(ve.)-308.4(W)72.7(e)-318.6(fina)9(lly)-319.2(run)-317.3(redistrict-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ing)-291.7(simulations)-292.6(of)-294.8(North)-290.8(Carolina)-285.2(while)-292.4(preserving)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ZIP)-492.7(Codes)-497.3(to)-491.6(demonstrate)-498.9(the)-494.7(feasibility)-499.2(of)-491.3(ZIP)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(Code)-535.7(based)-535.2(redistricting)-535.3(and)-534.3(the)-536.1(benefi)9.3(ts)-539.4(in)-533(re-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ducing)-412.1(partisan)-416.2(bias.)-413.2(Through)-417.4(our)-410.4(theoretical)-416.1(and)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(empirical)-542.3(analysis,)-543.6(we)-547.3(propose)-539(a)-546.2(zero)-538.9(tolerance)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(standard)-342.1(for)-344.6(ZIP)-342.7(Code)-344.3(splits)-344.3(that)-343(courts)-342.4(can)-344.2(easily)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(implement)-346.6(according)-349.1(to)-346.8(federal)-352.2(and)-348.1(state)-347.3(law)69.9(.)-344.9(Our)]TJ
ET
q
1 i
310.847 125.121 m
537.959 125.121 l
537.959 77.216 l
310.847 77.216 l
W n
0 0 0 RG
1 J 1 j .454 w 10 M []0 d
q 1 0 0 1 310.847 125.008 cm 0 0 m
311.471 0 l
S
Q
Q
BT
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 111.0614 Tm
(3)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 314.192 107.0929 Tm
[(Davis)-305.7(v.)-295.7(Bandemer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
8.0491 0 TD
[(\(1986\),)-296.1(478)-302(U.S.)-303.9(109)-295.7(at)-302.6(131.)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 101.0834 Tm
(4)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 314.192 97.1149 Tm
[(Vieth)-305(v.)-295.7(Jubelirer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.3978 0 TD
[(concurring)-306.4(opinion,)-298.4(541)-302(U.S.)-297.6(267)-302(\(2004\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 91.1621 Tm
(5)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 314.192 87.137 Tm
[(Vieth)-324(v.)-321(Jubelirer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.461 0 TD
[(\(2004\),)-321.3(541)-321(U.S.)-322.9(267,)-323.9(335,)-317.6(cited)-326.6(by)-315.2(Freyer)]TJ
-7.8341 -1.1065 TD
[(and)-298.1(Holden)-304(\(2011,)-300.3(4978\).)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
9.9626 0 0 9.9626 71.7165 749.3668 Tm
[(REDISTRICTING)-306.1(OUT)-304.7(REPRESENTATION)-25198.5(329)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
93 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10.959 0 0 10.959 74.0976 724.762 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(work)-214.9(compliments)-216.9(the)-215.3(rigorous)-216.8(research)-215(on)-215.7(political)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(outcome)-413.6(standards)-412.3(while)-411.3(also)-409.7(presenting)-414.7(a)-411.7(theory)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(dri)17.3(ve)10.6(n)-301.8(and)-301.5(intuiti)20.1(v)13.7(e)-303.1(approach.)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
2.8918 -4.092 TD
[(STANDARDS)-305.8(AND)-303.3(STRUGGLES)]TJ
1.583 -1.1795 TD
[(WITH)-303(GERRYMANDERS)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
-3.3833 -2.3641 TD
[(Social)-306.2(scientists,)-303.5(political)-306.7(scientists,)-308.7(economists,)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(mathematicians,)-365.8(and)-363.6(lawy)11.2(ers)-361.1(ha)10.6(ve)-351.5(tried)-361.8(and)-358.4(failed)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(to)-372.6(de)21(v)13.7(elop)-372.3(a)-365.2(standard)-373.1(for)-365.3(partisan)-374.8(gerrymandering)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
(since)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.5142 0 TD
[(Davis)-452.2(v.)-451.5(Bandemer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
8.0443 0 TD
[(.)-448.4(Although)-451.7(the)-448.1(Supreme)]TJ
-10.5584 -1.1847 TD
[(Court)-332.5(accepts)-336.2(equal)-334(population)-334.9(as)-332(a)-334.1(strict)-335.5(criterion)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(in)-683(redistricting,)-688.9(the)-686.1(more)-680.8(conserv)18.4(ati)15.7(v)13.7(e)-685.9(j)-13.9(u)-17.3(s)-13.3(t)-13.9(i)-19(c)-13.4(e)-13.4(s)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0162 Tc
[(th)4.1(us)-540.3(far)-545.8(r)2.6(emain)-544.3(r)-2.6(eluctant)-540.9(to)-544.3(accept)-540.9(an)16.2(y)-546.1(r)-2.6(ecent)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0135 Tc
[(me)-5.1(as)-5(ur)-5.3(es)-563.7(o)-3.8(f)-564(pa)-5.1(rt)-5.5(isa)-5.1(n)-562.5(g)-3.8(e).1(rr)-5.3(yma)-5.1(n)1.4(d)-3.8(e).1(r)-5.3(s).2(.)-564.2(T)-3.6(he)-563.8(Co)-3.8(ur)-5.3(t)]TJ
T*
.0132 Tc
[(h)-4.1(a)-.2(s)-429.5(s)-.1(ta)-5.4(te)-5.4(d)-423.1(t)-.7(h)-4.1(a)-.2(t)-424.9(s)-5.3(uc)-5.4(h)-423.1(m)-2.5(ea)-5.4(su)-4.1(re)-5.4(s)-424.3(m)-2.5(us)-5.3(t)-424.9(d)1.1(e)-5.4(m)-2.5(on)-4.1(str)-5.6(a)-.2(te)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0149 Tc
[(b)7.9(u)-2.4(rdens)-712.3(t)1(o)-706(r)1.3(epresentat)-4.1(ion)-706(b)2.8(y)-711.1(c)1.5(it)-4.1(izens)-712.3(d)2.8(ue)-707.2(to)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[()115.1()1.3(their)-391.9(a)-3.7(ssociat)-4.1(i)1(on)-395.6(with)-395.6(a)-396.8(p)2.8(olit)-4.1(ical)-392.1(party)64.8(,)-397.3(or)-397(their)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0146 Tc
[(e)6.4(x)2.5(pression)-639(of)-635.3(pol)-4.4(itical)-640.7(vi)-4.4(e)14.6(w)5.3(s.)57.7()120()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 225.3543 477.581 Tm
0 Tc
(6)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 236.6361 472.7054 Tm
.0146 Tc
[(The)-640.3(S)-2.4(upreme)]TJ
-14.8315 -1.1795 TD
.0155 Tc
[(Court)53.6(s)-313.4(r)1.9(uling)-312.2(i)1.6(n)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
7.2942 0 TD
.0128 Tc
[(Da)-4.5(vi)-6.2(s)-316.1(v)-.6(.)-316.6(B)-4.3(an)-4.5(de)-5.8(mer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
8.3081 0 TD
.0164 Tc
[(best)-307.9(demon)4.3(-)]TJ
-15.6023 -1.1847 TD
.016 Tc
[(strates)-499.1(t)-3(h)3.9(e)-504.4(origins)-499.1(a)-2.6(n)3.9(d)-503.1(co)3.9(ntinued)-503.1(s)2.7(kepticism)-501.5(o)-1.3(f)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(th)3.9(e)-292.3(n)-1.3(eed)-291(f)2.4(or)-292.5(cou)3.9(r)-2.8(ts)-292.2(to)-291(in)34.9(v)9(o)3.9(lv)9(e)-292.3(t)2.1(hemselv)9(e)2.6(s)-292.2(i)-3(n)-291(a)2.6(dju-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0132 Tc
[(d)-4.1(i)-.7(c)-5.4(a)-.2(ti)-5.8(ng)-304.2(pa)-5.4(rti)-5.8(s)-.1(a)-5.4(n)-299(g)-4.1(e)-.2(rr)-5.6(yma)-5.4(n)1.1(d)-4.1(e)-.2(r)-5.6(s)-.1(.)]TJ
9.9626 0 0 9.9626 86.0598 393.2219 Tm
0 Tc
[(An)-221.7(indi)25.6(vidual)-222.4(or)-202.7(group)-216.3(of)-208.4(indi)19.9(viduals)-218.7(who)-205.4(votes)-208.7(for)]TJ
0 -1.2007 TD
[(a)-440.7(losing)-438.1(candidate)-440.6(is)-438(usually)-440.6(deemed)-440.2(to)-442.5(be)-435.8(ade-)]TJ
T*
[(quately)-338.8(represented)-347.8(by)-337.3(the)-314.1(winning)-339.2(candidate)-343.9(and)]TJ
T*
[(to)-283.1(hav)18.7(e)-281.4(a)0(s)-277.7(much)-281.5(opportunity)-286.1(to)-277.4(influence)-287.2(that)-277.8(can-)]TJ
T*
[(didate)-218.5(as)-220.7(other)-215.2(vot)12(ers)-217.8(in)-214.8(the)-217.4(district.)-221.6(W)76.3(e)-218.8(cannot)-215.8(pre-)]TJ
T*
[(sume)-208.7(in)-209.2(such)-210.9(a)-207.4(situation,)-209.1(without)-211(actual)-208.9(proof)-206.9(to)-209.1(the)]TJ
0 -1.195 TD
[(contrary)57.6(,)-239.4(that)-238(the)-240.2(candidate)-241.5(elected)-245.6(will)-237.2(entirely)-241.9(ig-)]TJ
0 -1.2007 TD
[(nore)-302.7(the)-302.7(interests)-301.9(of)-299.4(those)-282.7(vot)12(ers.)]TJ
7.4718 0 0 6.641 220.2519 313.9653 Tm
(7)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 85.096 284.5984 Tm
[(Mos)11.1(t)-334.6(anal)9.2(yses)-326.4(and)-332.6(amic)10.9(us)-330.7(brie)9(fs)-332.2(adop)12.2(t)-334.6(the)-329.1(sym-)]TJ
-1.0036 -1.1795 TD
[(metry)-508.4(stan)9.3(dard)-506.6(to)-512.3(answe)8.7(r)-515.4(the)-510.2(Cour)12.5(t)55.3(s)-515.1(requ)10.8(est)-511.4(to)]TJ
T*
[(demon)12.1(strat)9.5(e)-556.6(harm)-551.5(to)-558.9(re)9.2(pres)9.6(enta)9.2(tion)-553.8(in)-553.7(elec)8(tion)10(s.)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(The)-363.4(sym)10.6(metr)10.7(y)-369.1(sta)11.1(ndar)10.8(d)-363.9(asse)8.6(sses)-358.7(a)-365.2(state)9.7()53.6(s)-365.1(cong)12.2(res-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(sion)10.6(al)-254.9(or)-253.4(le)14.1(gi)10.2(slati)29.9(v)13.7(e)-256.6(map)-248.2(as)-254.4(unfa)10.8(ir)-249.9(base)9.8(d)-255.3(o)0(n)-251.9(wheth)9.4(er)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(the)-298.1(part)9(ies)-299.3(win)-296.1(the)-298.1(sam)9.3(e)-303.1(prop)12(ortio)11.9(n)-301.8(o)0(f)-299.9(seat)8(s)-303(for)-298(th)10.2(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(same)-578.3(prop)12(orti)13.7(on)-583(of)-574.1(the)-577.4(state)30.4(wide)-552.7(v)13.7(ote)-577.4(\(Gel)9.8(man)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(and)-513.6(King)-510(1994)13.5(b,a;)-508.5(King)-510(et)-513.6(al.)-511.9(2005)13.5(;)-515.7(McDona)10.2(ld)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(and)-301.5(Best)-300.6(2015\))10.2(.)-303.5(A)-306.3(situa)10.9(tion)-300.4(whe)9.6(re)-306.4(Demo)9.4(crat)12.9(s)-308.2(need)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(55)-381.2(perc)9.5(ent)-380.9(of)-382.7(the)-360.2(v)13.7(ote)-380.9(to)-357.1(win)-378.9(51)-381.2(perc)9.5(ent)-380.9(of)-382.7(seat)8(s,)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(whil)10.8(e)-401.4(the)-396.4(GOP)-396.9(mig)10(ht)-398.5(need)-392.6(only)-391.8(47)-396.8(perc)9.5(ent)-396.4(to)-393.3(do)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(the)-432.6(same,)-431.8(wou)10.8(ld)-434.7(be)-439.4(cons)11(ider)14.2(ed)-439.4(asym)12.7(metr)10.7(ical)-432.2(and)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(thus)-211.9(a)-220.3(part)14.2(isan)-213.1(gerr)9.3(yma)10.5(nder)62.5(.)-215.6(The)-213.4(righ)10.3(t)-220.8(for)-210.1(a)-220.3(majo)12.1(rit)10.4(y)]TJ
T*
[(to)-207.1(go)17.1(ve)10.6(rn)-206.8(has)-204.4(been)-201.2(fai)10.8(rly)-205.2(unco)12.2(ntro)20.6(v)13.7(ersia)9.9(l)-210.4(sinc)9.3(e)-189.3(wes)8.4(t-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ern)-365.1(poli)15.2(tical)-358.2(thou)11.8(ght)-358.9(embra)9.3(ced)-359.7(the)-360.2(poli)10(tic)10.6(al)-363.5(theo)10.5(ry)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(of)-336.1(John)-329.1(Loc)9(ke)-336(\(McG)8.5(ann)-332.6(et)-332.5(al.)-336(2016)13.5(\).)-332.7(Ther)10.9(efor)9.3(e,)-337.6(it)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(seems)-483(fai)10.8(r)-489.5(that)-482.7(a)-489.3(majo)12.1(rity)-482.9(of)-486.2(a)-489.3(stat)12.7(e)55.7(s)-489.3(elec)8(tora)9(te)]TJ
21.8204 59.0724 TD
[(shou)12.3(ld)-212.3(rece)8.2(i)27.5(v)0(e)-201.5(a)-215.2(majo)12.1(rity)-208.7(of)-212(th)10.2(e)-215.2(seat)8(s)-215.1(i)0(n)-207.1(a)-215.2(state)9.7()53.6(s)-209.9(le)14.1(g-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(isl)10.6(atur)9(e)-344.5(and)-332.6(cong)12.2(ress)8.4(iona)10.5(l)-339.8(dele)19.6(gatio)12.1(n.)-336.4(The)-337.6(symm)10.4(e-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(try)-344.8(stan)9.3(dard)-346.2(coup)12.2(led)-349.8(with)-346.2(com)10.5(pute)10.5(r)-355(simu)12.2(lat)10.6(ions)-346.4(of)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(hypo)13.5(theti)10.4(cal)-382.1(maps)-380.5(adhe)10.9(ring)-382.9(to)-383(TDPs)-384.9(pres)9.6(ent)-380.9(clea)7.9(r)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(e)22.8(vide)10.5(nce)-194.2(of)-191.3(maps)-189.1(desi)9.3(gned)-189.5(to)-196.7(adv)29.5(ance)-192.1(par)12.6(tisan)-190.8(int)11.8(er)14.4(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ests)-286.8(\(Che)11.2(n)-291.5(and)-291.2(Rod)10.6(den)-286(2013,)-279.7(2015;)-284.9(McDo)9.9(nald)-284.4(and)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(Best)-326.5(2015)13.5(\).)-332.7(Ho)23(we)26.9(v)13.7(e)0(r)35.1(,)-334.6(the)-329.1(cons)11(erv)28.1(ati)31.3(v)13.7(e)-313.5(wing)-328.9(of)-331(the)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(cour)10.8(t)-536.4(has)-535.5(not)-534.8(been)-532.2(rece)8.2(pt)10.2(i)22.3(v)13.7(e)-541.1(t)0(o)-533(thes)9.3(e)-541.1(mea)9.2(sure)9.6(s.)]TJ
T*
[(The)-420.3(Sup)10.4(rem)9(e)-427.3(Cour)12.5(t)-427.7(disc)9.3(ount)11.7(s)-422(rese)8.3(arch)-419.9(mea)9.2(surin)12.5(g)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(gerr)9.3(yma)10.5(nder)10.8(s)-608.2(due)-606.8(to)-600.2(a)-613.5(desi)14.5(re)-606.4(for)-603.2(theo)10.5(ry-d)10.6(ri)24.3(v)13.7(e)0(n)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(wor)9.4(k)-493.2(and)-493(conc)10.9(ern)-489.2(o)13.7(v)13.7(e)0(r)-492.6(futu)10.3(re)-487.4(appl)10.5(icati)9.1(on)-489.9(of)-491.3(the)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(la)14.1(w)-295.9(i)0(n)-295(high)11.8(ly)-295(poli)10(tic)10.6(ized)-290.8(and)-291.2(unce)10.9(rtain)-289.4(cont)10.5(e)12.5(xts.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 -2.3641 TD
[(The)-301.3(conservative)-308(critique)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
1.0915 -1.7692 TD
[(There)-250.8(is)-249.7(a)-251.4(legitimate)-246.1(fear)-250.6(by)-251.9(lega)9.2(l)-251.8(scholars)-255.3(of)-248.2(de-)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(viating)-277.7(from)-272.3(a)-266.9(violation)-277.9(of)-274.1(good)-271(law)69.9(.)-277.7(F)14(ormer)-275.4(swing)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(vo)11.9(te,)-480.8(Justice)-476.2(Anthony)-468.9(K)19.6(ennedy)59.1(,)-474.2(desired)-479.9(law)-468.1(free)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(from)-272.3(spurious)-273.5(decisions)-278.1(dri)22.4(ve)10.6(n)-270.8(b)0(y)-272.6(partisan)-276.5(and)-275.7(per)12.6(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(sonal)-447.8(moti)22(ve)10.6(s)-447.9(\()0(K)21.5(elso)-445.9(and)-446.4(K)19.6(elso)-445.9(2014\).)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 493.7384 490.0534 Tm
(8)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 502.7526 485.1778 Tm
[(Just)-445.9(la)14.1(w)]TJ
-17.2939 -1.1847 TD
[(must)-551.7(be)-558.4(kno)20.5(wn)-551.2(and)-555(comprehensible)-557.3(by)-552(all)-558.5(and)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ha)10.6(ve)-594.6(consistent)-612.7(application)-609.9(across)-606.9(cases)-610.1(\(Fuller)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(1969\).)-329.5(The)-327.2(conserv)18.4(ati)20.9(ve)-294.6(wing)-328.9(of)-331(the)-324(Court)-332.5(sympa-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(thizes)-374.9(with)-377.2(the)-370.5(original)-379.3(intent)-374.2(and)-374(meaning)-377.4(of)-372.4(the)]TJ
T*
[(U.S.)-490.7(Constitution,)-489.7(as)-492.3(inferred)-488.6(from)-494.8(historical)-490.5(re-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(cords)-369.9(and)-368.8(practices,)-372.3(as)-368.2(a)-370.4(means)-373.2(to)-367.5(determine)-369.9(ho)22.3(w)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(to)-300.2(adjudicate.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(The)-358.3(issue)-361(of)-356.8(comprehensible)-360.7(and)-358.5(consistent)-364.4(ap-)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(plication)-387.8(becomes)-393.6(a)-385.9(central)-388.6(concern)-390.4(when)-390.6(adjudi-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(cating)-373.8(standards)-370.9(founded)-372.3(and)-368.8(bu)11.9(ilt)-372.7(upon)-369.3(statistics.)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(A)-311.5(mostly)-313.9(mathematical)-316.1(approach)-319.7(to)-310.5(redistricting)-318.1(is)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(not)-307.2(easily)-307.7(understandable)-310.6(to)-305.4(those)-287.4(without)-306.8(a)-308.3(strong)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(background)-596.3(in)-595.1(statistics,)-600.1(and)-596.4(inconsequential)-598.9(to)]TJ
T*
[(those)-209.8(who)-227.1(are)-226.7(primarily)-230.9(interested)-231.4(in)-227.8(original)-229.3(intent.)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0078 Tc
[(T)68.3(o)-382(d)-4.3(a)-.4(t)-6.1(e)-.4(,)-383.7(t)-6.1(he)-388.4(ju)-4.3(di)-6.1(cia)-5.6(l)-.9(l)-6.1(y)-382(imp)-4.3(o)-4.3(sed)-387.2(c)-5.6(o).8(n)-4.3(s)-.4(t)-6.1(r)-.6(ai)-6.1(nt)-388.9(of)-388.6(on)-4.3(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0111 Tc
[(perso)4.1(n)-1(,)-214.8(o)-1(n)4.1(e)-193.7(v)11.1(o)2.3(te)-214.4(rests)-214.3(u)4.1(po)4.1(n)-218.3(t)2.4(he)-214.4(b)4.1(e)-2.3(lief)-214.6(t)2.4(hat)-214.9(e)11.1(v)21.8(e)-2.3(ryo)4.1(n)-1(e)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0108 Tc
[(shou)3.8(ld)-668.7(be)-670(equ)3.8(a)-2.6(lly)-668.7(represen)3.8(ted.)-665.2(Th)3.8(e)-670(m).3(eans)-669.9(to)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0111 Tc
[(achie)23.6(v)11.1(e)-252.4(t)2.4(his)-245.4(i)-2.8(s)-245.4(t)-2.8(h)4.1(r)-2.5(o)4.1(u)-1(g)4.1(h)-249.4(th)4.1(e)-250.6(e)2.9(qual)-251.1(p)4.1(op)4.1(ulation)-249.4(o)4.1(f)-250.8(d)4.1(is-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0096 Tc
[(trict)-4.3(s)1.4(.)-226.7(O)-1.8(v)9.6(e)-.4(rall)-4.3(,)-226.7(o)-2.5(ne)-231.4(person,)-226.7(o)-2.5(ne)-210.7(v)9.6(o).8(te)-226.3(i)-4.3(s)-226.2(intuit)-4.3(i)21.6(v)9.6(e)-228.1(a)1.4(nd)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0091 Tc
[(ea)-4.3(sy)-541.1(to)-541.1(adjudic)-4.3(a).9(t)-4.8(e).9(.)-537.6(A)-2.3(n)9.1(y)-537.7(de)21.6(via)-4.3(tion)-535.9(f)-4.5(rom)-539.4(p)-3(er)-4.5(fe)-4.3(ct)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0111 Tc
[(equal)-406.3(p)-1(o)4.1(p)-1(u)4.1(l)-2.8(atio)4.1(n)-409.7(i)2.4(s)-405.7(e)2.9(nou)4.1(gh)-404.5(to)-404.6(reject)-406.3(a)-405.8(m).6(ap.)-406.2(T)4.3(he)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(Su)4.1(preme)-442(C)-.6(ou)4.1(rt)-442.5(demonstrated)-445.9(its)-442(s)-2.2(trong)-440.8(comm)11.1(i)-8.1(t)2.4(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0117 Tc
[(ment)-540.2(to)-538.5(eq)4.7(ual)-540.2(p)4.7(opu)4.7(latio)4.7(n)-543.6(in)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
12.9898 0 TD
.009 Tc
[(Viet)-4.9(h)-541.2(v)-4.4(.)-542.8(J)-4.4(ubel)-4.9(ire)-4.4(r)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
-12.9898 -1.1795 TD
.0103 Tc
[(when)-312.2(it)-314(upheld)-312.2(the)-313.5(r)1.9(uling)-312.2(t)1.6(hat)-314(a)-308.3(populat)-3.6(ion)-312.2(d)3.3(e)10.3(v)10.3(i)1.9(a-)]TJ
T*
.0112 Tc
[(tio)4.2(n)-311.3(o)4.2(f)-312.8(1)4.2(9)-311.3(peop)4.2(le)-286.7(was)-312.5(t)2.5(oo)-306.2(much)-306.2(after)-307.6(i)-2.7(t)-307.9(w)-.2(as)-312.5(made)]TJ
ET
q
1 i
313.228 135.099 m
540.397 135.099 l
540.397 77.216 l
313.228 77.216 l
W n
0 0 0 RG
1 J 1 j .454 w 10 M []0 d
q 1 0 0 1 313.228 134.986 cm 0 0 m
311.471 0 l
S
Q
Q
BT
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 121.0393 Tm
0 Tc
(6)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 316.5731 117.0141 Tm
[(Vieth)-305(v.)-308.3(Jubelirer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.4105 0 TD
[(\(2004\),)-302.4(541)-302(U.S.)-303.9(267)-308.4(at)-302.6(9)-303(\(opinion)-303.9(of)-298.8(K)16.2(en-)]TJ
-7.7835 -1.1065 TD
[(nedy)62.8(,)-300.1(J.\),)-299.5(cited)-301.3(by)-302.5(Chen)-302.4(and)-298.1(Rodden)-301.4(\(2015\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 101.0834 Tm
(7)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 316.5731 97.1149 Tm
[(Davis)-305.7(v.)-302(Bandemer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
8.0491 0 TD
[(\(1986\),)-296.1(478)-302(U.S.)-303.9(109)-295.7(at)-302.6(132)-302(\(1986\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 91.1621 Tm
(8)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 316.5731 87.137 Tm
[(Such)-239.3(a)-229.6(world)-235.1(vie)14(w)-236.8(i)0(s)-238.2(consistent)-242(with)-237(natural)-239.7(law)-229.6(theory)63.4(,)-236.9(which)]TJ
-.3731 -1.1065 TD
[(Justice)-302.7(K)22.5(ennedy)-305.4(appears)-304.8(to)-300.2(subscribe)-300.3(to.)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
9.9626 0 0 9.9626 74.0976 749.3668 Tm
(330)Tj
34.5644 0 TD
[(CURIEL)-305.8(AND)-304.3(STEELMAN)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
97 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10.959 0 0 10.959 71.7165 724.762 Tm
0 0 0 rg
.0098 Tc
0 Tw
[(e)9.8(v)9.8(i)-3.8(dent)-454.1(t)-4.1(h)2.8(at)-454.1(the)-453.7(d)-2.3(e)22.3(v)-2.3(iation)-452.4(c)-3.6(ould)-457.6(not)-454.1(b)-2.3(e)-453.7(j)1.1(ust)-4.1(i)1.1(f)9.8(i)-2.2(ed)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0116 Tc
[(\(E)4.8(ngstro)4.6(m)-298.9(20)4.6(05)4.6(b\).)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 156.9259 716.7117 Tm
0 Tc
(9)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 83.6787 698.8534 Tm
[(Gi)36.8(v)24.1(e)0(n)-196.3(t)12(he)-196.3(s)12.5(t)0(r)19.1(i)0(n)20.5(g)0(e)15.8(n)13.7(c)17.6(y)-203.6(i)12(n)-203.6(wh)17.8(i)12(c)0(h)-196.3(t)12(he)-196.3(Co)17.5(u)13.7(r)0(t)-193(w)0(i)16.1(l)12(l)-205.3(a)12.5(pp)17.1(l)12(y)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(an)26.2(y)-457(s)12.5(uc)15.8(h)-457(g)13.7(er)19.5(ry)15.6(m)10.2(a)12.5(nd)17.1(er)19.5(i)12(n)0(g)-448.5(s)0(t)19.3(a)0(n)15.8(d)13.7(ar)19.5(d,)-450.2(ou)22.3(tc)19.3(om)18.7(e)-458.3(m)10.2(ea)19.7(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(su)15.9(r)12.3(e)0(s)-523.4(b)0(y)-520.9(t)0(h)20.5(e)0(m)17.5(s)0(e)19.8(l)0(v)25.7(e)12.5(s)-535.8(p)13.7(os)15.9(e)-530.7(a)-530.7(s)0(e)14.6(r)12.3(io)20.5(us)-522.1(pr)15.6(o)13.7(b)0(l)20.5(e)0(m)17.5(.)-531.2(As)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(Ch)17.5(en)-201.5(an)21(d)-213.9(R)0(o)17.5(d)13.7(de)15.8(n)-208.7(\()0(2)20.8(0)0(1)17.1(5)0(\))-201.6(n)0(o)22.3(t)0(e)-182.5(w)0(h)17.8(e)0(n)-201.5(i)12(t)-215.6(c)12.5(om)18.7(es)-202.6(to)-201.9(sy)21.1(m)10.2(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(m)10.2(e)0(t)19.3(r)0(y)-475.8(s)0(t)19.3(a)0(n)15.8(d)0(a)21(r)0(d)20.8(s)-489.3(or)-475.8(r)12.3(e)0(d)15.8(i)12(st)19.3(ri)19.1(ct)19.3(in)20.5(g)-488.1(s)12.5(im)17(ul)20.5(at)19.3(io)20.5(ns)15.9(,)-484.6(t)12(he)15.8(r)12.3(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(is)-415.2()131.2()0(n)15.6(o)-420.8(m)10.2(a)0(g)21(i)0(c)-415.3(n)0(u)22.3(m)10.2(be)15.8(r)12.3()126.1()-422.3(\()12.3(34)17.1(4\))20.8(.)-422.5(S)0(t)20.8(e)0(p)15.8(h)13.7(an)15.8(o)13.7(p)0(o)17.1(u)0(l)20.5(o)0(s)-413.5(a)12.5(nd)]TJ
T*
[(M)10.7(c)0(G)16.5(h)0(e)15.8(e)-489.3(\()12.3(2)0(0)17.1(1)0(5)22.3(\))-489.5(si)19.3(m)10.2(i)0(l)18.8(a)0(r)14.4(l)12(y)-488.1(n)0(o)17.1(t)12(e)-494.5(t)12(ha)21(t)-489.8(t)0(h)15.4(e)-489.3(ef)40.2(f)22.6(i)0(c)14.1(i)12(en)21(c)17.6(y)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ga)15.8(p)13.7()58.8(s)-194.4(s)0(t)19.3(a)0(n)15.8(d)13.7(ar)14.4(d)-193.2(o)0(f)-191.3(a)-194.5(sh)21.1(if)19.1(t)-200.1(i)12(n)-198.4(t)12(wo)-189.1(co)15.8(n)13.7(g)0(r)20.8(e)0(s)14.6(s)12.5(io)20.5(na)15.8(l)-194.9(d)0(i)20.5(s)0(t)19.4(r)0(i)19.1(c)0(t)19.3(s)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(is)-254.8(a)-266.9(s)0(o)21.1(m)0(e)38.2(w)0(h)17.8(a)0(t)-254.9(a)0(r)19.5(b)0(i)20.5(t)0(r)19.1(a)0(r)19.5(y)-265.6(th)20.5(re)14.4(s)12.5(h)0(o)17.1(l)12(d)-265.6(i)12(n)-265.6(l)0(a)19.3(r)17.4(g)13.7(e)-266.9(pa)15.8(r)12.3(t)-267.4(b)13.7(a)0(s)14.6(e)12.5(d)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(on)-277.8(e)22.8(x)0(p)17.1(e)0(c)19.7(t)0(e)19.3(d)-286.3(ch)15.8(a)12.5(n)0(g)17.1(e)12.5(s)-287.5(i)0(n)-274.3(t)0(h)15.4(e)-282.4(ef)40.2(f)17.4(i)12(ci)19.3(en)15.8(c)17.6(y)-281.2(ga)15.8(p)-286.3(o)24.1(v)18.9(e)0(r)-275.3(t)0(i)18.8(m)10.2(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(\(5)20.8(\).)-286.1(M)10.7(c)0(G)16.6(a)0(n)21(n)-296.7(et)-285.9(al)19.3(.)-293.2(\()0(2)20.8(0)0(1)17.1(6)0(\))-284.4(a)12.5(ls)14.2(o)-291.5(p)0(o)22.3(i)0(n)15.4(t)-293.2(ou)22.3(t)-298.4(t)12(ha)21(t)-298.4(t)12(he)-284.2(ef)19.5(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(f)17.4(i)12(ci)19.3(en)15.8(c)22.8(y)-270.8(ga)21(p)-270.8(i)12(ts)19.3(el)19.3(f)-261.9(i)12(s)-272(n)0(o)22.3(t)-272.5()131.2()0(l)19.1(i)0(n)20.5(k)0(e)15.8(d)-265.6(to)-258.8(an)26.2(y)-265.6(c)0(o)15.8(n)0(s)21.1(t)0(i)18.8(t)12(ut)15.4(i)12(o)0(n)22.3(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(al)19.3(ly)-341.6(pr)15.6(o)13.7(t)0(e)19.3(c)0(t)14.1(e)12.5(d)-353.6(r)12.3(ig)20.5(ht)15.4(,)-350.1(a)0(p)21(a)0(r)19.5(t)-355.3(f)12.3(r)0(o)20.8(m)-351.9(th)15.4(e)-339.3(g)0(e)21(n)0(e)15.8(r)12.3(al)-342.9(fa)19.5(ir)19.1(ne)15.8(s)12.5(s)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ar)29.9(gu)17.1(m)10.2(e)0(n)21(t)0()138.1()-272.3(an)15.8(d)-270.8(t)12(ha)15.8(t)-272.5(t)-8.7(h)-12.1(e)-292.8(m)-10.5(e)-8.2(a)-13.4(s)-8.2(u)-12.1(r)-8.4(e)-292.8(i)-8.7(t)-13.9(s)-8.2(e)-13.4(l)-8.7(f)-293(c)-8.2(a)-13.4(n)-291.5(b)-7(e)-292.8(i)-13.9(n)-7(t)-13.9(e)-8.2(r-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0108 Tc
[(preted)-384.2(a)-385.4(n)3.8(umb)3.8(e)-2.6(r)-385.6(o)-1.3(f)-380.4(d)-1.3(if)10.8(f)10.8(e)-4(rent)-385.9(ways)-385.3(\(29)3.8(6)-1.3(\).)-385.8(McDo)3.8(-)]TJ
T*
.0116 Tc
[(nald)-316.1(and)-316.1(B)5.1(est)-317.8(\()3.2(201)4.6(5\))-317.6(f)23.9(o)11.6(r)32.4(m)21.8(u)11.6(l)27(a)24.1(t)11.6(e)-289.9(t)23.6(h)11.6(e)32.6(i)11.6(r)-290.1(a)24.1(l)11.6(t)30.4(e)11.6(r)31.1(n)11.6(a)27.4(t)23.6(i)39.1(v)35.7(e)-296.7(o)11.6(n)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
0 Tc
[(sy)15.9(m)10.2(m)10.2(e)12.5(tr)19.1(y)-395(u)0(p)22.3(o)0(n)-381.2()126.1(n)20.8(eu)15.8(t)12(r)0(a)19.5(l)-391.5(st)19.3(an)15.8(da)21(rd)20.8(s)133.4()-380.9(t)12(ho)17.1(ug)22.3(h)-395(d)13.7(o)-395(n)0(o)22.3(t)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(el)19.3(ab)15.8(o)13.7(r)0(a)14.4(t)12(e)-360(o)0(n)-350.2(h)13.7(o)29.2(w)-358(an)15.8(d)-358.7(w)0(h)23(y)-358.7(th)15.4(e)-354.8(c)0(o)15.8(n)0(s)21.1(t)0(r)19.1(a)0(i)19.3(n)0(t)20.5(s)-359.9(th)20.5(e)17.6(y)-358.7(us)21.1(e)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ar)19.5(e)-292.8(n)0(e)21(u)0(t)15.4(r)12.3(al)-280.8(or)-279.2(th)15.4(e)12.5(o)0(r)20.8(e)0(t)14.1(i)12(ca)19.7(ll)18.8(y)-291.5(f)12.3(ai)19.3(r)-293(\()12.3(31)17.1(7\))20.8(.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(Chief)-251(Justice)-248.6(Roberts)-250.6(cites)-249(former)-247.6(Justice)-248.6(Sandra)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(Day)-269.8(OConnor)-269.7(to)-264(state)-269.7(that)-265.4(it)-265.7(is)-270.3(inappropriate)-268.1(to)-264(re-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ject)-308.1()115.7(plans)-306.2(on)-303.6(the)-303.3(basis)-309.3(of)-305.1(their)-304.9([political)-310(scientist])]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(prognostications)-383.6(as)-373.4(to)-377.8(the)-375.7(outcome)-382.5(of)-351.7(future)-378.8(elec-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(tions)-686.2(or)-682.7(future)-689.2(apportionments)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
13.6365 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.1691 0 TD
[(which)-683.8(neither)]TJ
-14.8056 -1.1847 TD
[(judges)-253(nor)-250(an)10.7(yone)-246.4(else)-255.8(can)-245.9(hav)19.2(e)-251.4(a)0(n)10.6(y)-250.1(conf)10.8(idence.)57.8()120.9()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 290.6645 392.8818 Tm
(10)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 71.7165 375.0802 Tm
[(Roberts)-260.9(makes)-259.4(clear)-259.1(that)-255.1(the)-256.7(issue)-257.5(is)-260(not)-255.4(one)-255(of)-258.5(bet-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ter)-366.8(math)-360.3(bu)11.9(t)-365.6(rather)-364.6(of)-362(using)-358.5(statistical)-367.5(forecasts)-368.5(to)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(guide)-296.5(the)-292.9(full)-296.6(po)22.3(wer)-297.1(of)-294.8(the)-292.9(Supreme)-299.2(Court)-291.1(in)-295(adju-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(dicating)-301.5(gerrymanders.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1847 TD
.0171 Tc
[(W)74.3(e)-296.4(p)5(o)-.2(in)5(t)-296.8(o)5(ut)-291.6(the)-291.2(l)3.2(ac)3.7(k)-295.1(o)5(f)-296.5(a)-291.2(cle)3.7(a)-1.5(r)-291.4(o)-.2(b)5(j)3.2(ec)3.7(ti)17.1(v)17.1(e)-291.3(s)3.8(t)3.2(an)5(-)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(da)3.8(rd)-517.4(with)5.1(in)-522.6(the)3.8(s)-1.3(e)-508.4(g)-.1(rea)3.8(t)-519.2(ad)5.1(v)17.2(a)7.2(nc)3.8(es)-518.6(in)-517.4(me)3.8(as)3.9(urin)5.1(g)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.016 Tc
[(gerry)3.9(m).3(an)3.9(ders)-245.6(to)-244.5(hig)3.9(h)-1.3(lig)3.9(h)-1.3(t)-241(h)-1.3(o)16(w)-240.4(the)16(y)-247.5(might)-241(be)-245.7(mis-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0153 Tc
[(applied.)-334.8(If)-334.6(the)-334.4(S)-1.7(upreme)-334.4(Court)-334.8(r)-3.5(ules)-334.3(af)15.3(f)15.3(i).1(rmat)-3.7(i)15.3(v)15.3(e)1.7(ly)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
0 Tc
[(on)-189.8(an)-196.3(o)13.7(u)0(t)15.4(c)12.5(om)18.7(e)-199.6(s)0(t)19.3(a)0(n)15.8(d)0(a)21(r)0(d)20.8(,)-205.2(t)12(h)0(e)21(n)-203.6(f)12.3(e)0(d)15.8(e)12.5(ra)14.4(l)-200.1(a)12.5(nd)-195(s)12.5(t)0(a)19.3(t)0(e)-192.8(j)0(u)20.5(d)0(g)17.1(e)12.5(s)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(wi)16.1(l)12(l)-339.8(be)-336(e)12.5(m)10.2(po)37.8(we)21.7(re)14.4(d)-338.1(t)12(o)-343.2(s)0(t)19.4(r)0(i)19.1(c)0(t)19.3(l)12(y)-343.2(a)0(p)21(p)0(l)15.4(y)-338.1(ou)22.3(tc)14.1(o)13.7(m)10.2(e-)14.4(b)13.7(a)0(s)14.6(e)12.5(d)]TJ
T*
[(m)10.2(e)0(a)14.6(s)12.5(ur)20.8(es)-259.5(a)12.5(s)-266.8(t)12(h)0(e)31.3(y)-265.6(se)19.8(e)-266.9(f)22.6(it)18.8(.)-262.1(S)0(h)17.4(o)0(u)22.3(l)0(d)-253.6(j)0(u)20.5(d)0(g)17.1(e)0(s)-254.4(i)12(n)-265.6(i)12(nd)17.1(i)32.7(v)0(i)20.5(d)0(u)17.1(a)0(l)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ca)14.6(s)12.5(e)0(s)-192.3(n)13.7(ot)-191.6(u)13.7(n)0(d)17.1(e)0(r)19.5(s)0(t)19.3(a)0(n)21(d)-198.4(co)15.8(nf)31.2(i)12(d)0(e)15.8(n)0(c)21(e)-199.6(in)20.5(te)19.3(rv)36.3(a)12.5(l)0(s)19.4(,)-200.1(t)12(h)0(e)26.2(y)-198.4(m)10.2(i)12(gh)17.1(t)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(at)19.3(te)19.3(mp)18.7(t)-484.6(t)0(o)-476.1(r)0(e)14.4(d)13.7(uc)15.8(e)-484.2(p)0(e)15.8(r)12.3(ce)19.7(i)27.5(v)24.1(ed)-480.8(p)13.7(a)0(r)14.4(t)12(i)12(s)0(a)14.6(n)-482.9(bi)20.5(as)-476.8(or)-475.8(ef)40.2(f)17.4(i)12(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ci)19.3(en)15.8(c)22.8(y)-255.3(ga)15.8(p)13.7(s)-256.5(e)28(v)18.9(e)12.5(n)-255.3(wh)17.8(en)-248(s)12.5(u)0(c)21(h)-255.3(ou)17.1(t)12(c)0(o)15.8(m)10.2(e)12.5(s)-256.5(ar)19.5(e)-256.6(e)17.6(xp)22.3(la)19.3(in)15.4(e)12.5(d)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0095 Tc
[(by)-204.4(chance)-205.7(al)-4.4(one.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 145.8708 198.6519 Tm
.0104 Tc
(11)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 156.5291 193.7763 Tm
.0084 Tc
[(If)-207(the)-206.8(S)-3.5(up)-3.7(re)-5(me)-201.6(Co)-3.7(ur)-5.2(t)-202.1(r)-5.2(ul)-5.5(es)-206.7(af)20.7(f)8.4(i)-3.6(r)8.4(-)]TJ
-7.7391 -1.1847 TD
.0116 Tc
[(mati)23.6(v)11.6(e)1.6(ly)-326.5(on)-326.5(a)-332.9(s)3.4(tand)4.6(ard)-331.6(f)3.2(or)-317.6(gerry)4.6(m)1.1(an)4.6(dering)-326.5(an)4.6(d)-331.6(i)2.9(s)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.011 Tc
[(un)4(clear)-488.9(i)2.3(n)-487.4(its)-488.6(d)4(e)-2.4(cision)-487.4(o)4(r)-473.4(gets)-483.4(it)-484(wron)4(g,)-483.9(it)-484(will)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0102 Tc
[(bind)-338.2(cou)3.2(r)-3.4(ts)-339.4(to)-317.5(what)-339.9(was)-339.4(o)-1.9(n)3.2(c)-3.2(e)-339.5(t)1.5(he)-334.3(domain)-338.2(o)-1.9(f)-339.7(s)2(tate)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0088 Tc
[(l)-5.1(e)8.8(gisl)-5.1(ature)-4.6(s)-299.4(i)-5.1(n)-298.2(a)-294.3(v)8.8(ery)-303.4(p)1.8(oli)-5.1(tic)-4.6(al)-299.9(a)-4.6(n)-3.3(d)-298.2(s)-4.5(ubje)-4.6(cti)8.8(v)19(e)-304.7(f)8.8(ie)-4.6(ld)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0099 Tc
[(of)-298.6(le)9.9(g)-5.3(i)1.2(sl)-4(ati)-4(o)2.9(n.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(Th)17.3(e)-220.3(t)0(h)20.5(r)0(e)19.5(a)0(t)-213.5(o)0(f)-201.6(i)0(n)20.5(c)0(o)15.8(n)13.7(si)19.3(st)19.3(en)15.8(t)-220.8(a)0(n)21(d)-224.2(s)12.5(u)0(b)17.1(j)12(ec)14.6(t)12(i)32.7(v)18.9(e)-220.3(de)15.8(ci)19.3(si)19.3(on)22.3(s)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(re)19.5(ma)17.5(in)20.5(s)-225.4(a)-225.5(th)20.5(re)14.4(a)12.5(t)-226(s)12.5(o)-229.4(l)12(o)0(n)22.3(g)-224.2(as)-218.2(an)31.3(y)-224.2(g)0(e)15.8(r)12.3(ry)15.6(m)10.2(a)12.5(nd)17.1(e)12.5(r)0(i)19.1(n)0(g)-215.7(m)10.2(ea)19.7(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(su)15.9(r)12.3(e)-323.8(is)-316.9(ou)17.1(t)12(c)0(o)21(m)10.2(e)-329(b)0(a)21(s)0(e)19.8(d)0(,)-315.7(m)10.2(os)15.9(t)12(l)12(y)-327.7(f)12.3(o)0(u)17.1(n)0(d)22.3(e)0(d)-315.3(i)0(n)-315.7(s)0(t)19.4(a)0(t)19.3(i)0(s)19.4(t)0(i)18.8(c)0(s)19.8(,)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(an)15.8(d)-348.4(a)12.5(do)17.1(pt)20.5(s)-349.6(a)-349.7(ne)26.2(g)13.7(a)0(t)19.3(i)27.5(v)18.9(e)-349.7(a)12.5(p)0(p)17.1(r)12.3(oa)15.8(c)12.5(h)-353.6(t)12(o)-348.4(ge)15.8(r)12.3(r)0(y)20.8(m)10.2(an)15.8(d)13.7(e)0(r)14.4(i)12(ng)17.1(.)]TJ
21.8204 59.088 TD
[(W)10.7(h)0(a)21(t)-324.3(i)12(s)-323.7(ne)21(ed)15.8(e)12.5(d)-322.5(is)-311.7(a)-323.8(c)0(l)19.3(e)0(a)19.7(r)-324(an)21(d)-322.5(p)0(o)22.3(s)0(i)19.3(t)0(i)39.5(v)18.9(e)-323.8(i)12(de)15.8(a)-318.6(o)0(f)-310.3(w)0(h)17.8(a)0(t)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(a)-272.1(d)0(i)15.4(s)12.5(tr)19.1(ic)19.3(t)-277.7(s)12.5(ho)17.1(u)13.7(l)0(d)-269.2(b)13.7(e,)-265.2(ho)37.8(w)-275.2(t)12(hi)20.5(s)-277.2(d)0(i)20.5(r)0(e)19.5(c)0(t)19.3(l)0(y)-269.2(r)12.3(el)19.3(at)19.3(es)-269.9(t)12(o)-276(i)12(n)0(d)17.1(i)12(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(v)13.7(i)0(d)15.4(u)13.7(al)-280.8(ri)19.1(gh)17.1(t)12(s)0(,)-280.7(a)0(n)15.8(d)-286.3(is)-280.7(in)15.4(t)12(u)0(i)20.5(t)0(i)39.5(v)18.9(e)-287.6(a)0(n)15.8(d)-286.3(se)14.6(l)12(f)0(-)19.3(e)28(v)13.7(i)0(d)15.4(e)12.5(nt)20.5(.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 -2.3641 TD
[(Towards)-298.8(a)-301.8(positive)-302.7(theory)-300.8(of)-300.2(gerrymandering)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
1.0915 -1.7692 TD
[(As)-226.5(f)12.3(o)0(r)15.6(m)10.2(e)12.5(r)-236(Ju)15.9(s)12.5(t)0(i)18.8(c)0(e)-228.6(K)30(en)21(ne)15.8(d)13.7(y)-239.8(wr)21.5(it)18.8(es)19.8(,)-236.3(w)0(h)17.8(a)0(t)-229(i)12(s)-235.8(n)0(e)15.8(e)12.5(de)15.8(d)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(i)12(n)-296.7(or)15.6(d)13.7(e)0(r)-290.9(t)12(o)-301.8(a)12.5(dj)20.5(ud)17.1(i)12(c)0(a)14.6(t)12(e)-287.6(g)0(e)15.8(r)12.3(ry)20.8(m)10.2(a)0(n)15.8(d)0(e)21(r)0(s)-290.8(a)12.5(re)-290.9()126.1()12.3([C)16.1(])12.3(o)0(m)18.7(p)0(r)20.8(e)0(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(h)13.7(e)0(n)15.8(s)12.5(i)27.5(v)18.9(e)-329(a)0(n)21(d)-332.9(ne)21(ut)20.5(ra)19.5(l)-334.6(p)13.7(ri)19.1(nc)15.8(i)12(p)0(l)20.5(e)0(s)-321.6(f)0(o)20.8(r)-334.3(d)13.7(r)0(a)24.7(w)0(i)21.3(n)0(g)-319.2(e)0(l)19.3(e)0(c)14.6(t)12(or)20.8(al)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(b)13.7(o)0(u)17.1(n)0(d)22.3(a)0(r)14.4(i)12(es)19.8()126.1()-313.6(a)12.5(n)0(d)-303.6()126.1()12.3([)0(R)16.1(])12.3(ul)20.5(es)-306.1(t)12(o)-312.2(li)18.8(m)10.2(i)0(t)-301.9(a)0(n)15.8(d)-312.2(c)12.5(o)0(n)17.1(f)22.6(in)15.4(e)-308.3(j)0(u)15.4(d)13.7(i-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(c)12.5(i)0(a)14.1(l)-381.2(i)12(n)0(t)20.5(e)0(r)19.5(v)18.9(en)21(ti)18.8(on)17.1(.)74.1()126.1()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 390.1605 606.614 Tm
(12)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 402.4629 601.7384 Tm
[(Th)22.5(e)-385.9(c)12.5(ou)17.1(r)12.3(t)0(s)-373.8(a)0(l)19.3(r)12.3(ea)14.6(dy)-370.9(a)12.5(c)0(c)14.6(e)12.5(pt)-372.6(th)20.5(at)]TJ
-8.3598 -1.1847 TD
[(p)13.7(o)0(l)15.4(i)12(ti)18.8(cs)-311.3(a)12.5(r)0(e)-311.6(a)12.5(n)-322.5(i)12(nt)20.5(e)17.6(g)0(r)20.8(a)0(l)-311.8(p)13.7(ar)19.5(t)-319.1(o)0(f)-310.3(r)12.3(ed)15.8(i)12(s)0(t)19.3(r)0(i)19.1(c)0(t)19.3(i)0(n)20.5(g)-317.4(an)15.8(d)-317.4(t)12(hu)17.1(s)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(wi)21.3(ll)-270.9(be)-273.9(un)17.1(l)12(i)0(k)20.5(e)0(l)19.3(y)-281.2(to)-274.3(re)19.5(je)19.3(ct)-275.6(a)-282.4(m)10.2(ap)-273.9(s)12.5(i)0(m)17(p)0(l)20.5(y)-281.1(be)21(ca)14.6(u)13.7(s)0(e)-275.1(p)0(o)17.1(l)12(-)]TJ
T*
[(i)12(t)0(i)18.8(c)0(s)-316.5(w)0(e)16.5(r)12.3(e)-329(i)0(n)51.6(v)18.9(ol)20.5(v)18.9(e)12.5(d)-327.7(i)0(n)-315.7(a)-329(m)10.2(a)0(p)21()58.8(s)-323.7(c)0(o)15.8(n)13.7(st)14.2(r)12.3(u)0(c)21(t)0(i)18.8(o)0(n)17.1(.)-324.2(Ra)16.3(t)12(h)0(e)21(r)38.1(,)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(wh)17.8(a)12.5(t)-489.8(i)12(s)-489.3(de)15.8(s)12.5(i)0(r)19.1(e)0(d)-480.8(i)0(s)-482.4(a)12.5(n)-488.1(a)0(c)14.6(h)13.7(ie)40(v)29.2(a)0(b)15.8(l)12(e)-489.3(i)12(de)15.8(al)-477.4(be)15.8(f)12.3(o)0(r)15.6(e)-489.3(t)12(h)0(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(wo)17.8(r)12.3(s)0(t)-456.6(o)0(f)-455.1(p)0(a)21(r)0(t)19.1(i)0(s)19.3(a)0(n)-460.1(e)22.8(xc)15.8(e)12.5(s)0(s)14.7(e)12.5(s)-468.6(t)12(oo)17.1(k)-462.2(o)18.9(v)18.9(e)12.5(r)-468.8(r)12.3(ed)15.8(i)12(s)0(t)19.4(r)12.3(ic)14.1(t)12(i)12(n)0(g)17.1(,)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(a)12.5(s)-370.3(pr)20.8(ef)14.4(e)12.5(r)0(a)19.5(b)0(l)20.5(y)-369.1(de)15.8(m)10.2(o)0(n)22.3(s)0(t)19.3(r)0(a)19.5(t)0(e)14.1(d)-363.9(in)-362.3(h)13.7(i)0(s)19.3(t)0(o)15.4(r)12.3(i)12(c)0(a)14.6(l)-365.7(re)19.5(co)15.8(r)12.3(d)-369.1(an)15.8(d)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(o)13.7(r)0(i)19.1(g)0(i)15.4(n)13.7(al)-441.1(i)12(n)0(t)15.4(e)12.5(nt)-439.9(of)-439.6(t)12(h)0(e)-439.4(f)0(o)20.8(u)0(n)17.1(d)0(i)20.5(n)0(g)-438.1(f)0(a)19.5(t)0(h)20.5(e)0(r)19.5(s)0(.)-441(P)0(r)21.1(o)0(c)15.8(e)12.5(du)17.1(r)12.3(a)0(l)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(s)12.5(t)0(a)19.3(n)0(d)17.1(a)0(r)19.5(d)0(s)-341.1(o)0(f)-341.3(t)0(h)15.4(i)12(s)-354.8(n)13.7(at)19.3(ur)15.6(e)-349.7(h)0(a)26.2(v)24.1(e)-354.8(b)0(e)21(e)0(n)-346.3(d)13.7(ef)24.7(i)12(n)0(e)21(d)-353.6(as)-342.3(co)15.8(m)10.2(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(p)13.7(a)0(c)14.6(t)12(ne)15.8(s)12.5(s)0(,)-260(c)12.5(on)17.1(t)12(i)0(g)20.5(u)0(i)15.4(t)12(y)70.6(,)-267.3(a)12.5(n)0(d)-257.1(p)0(r)15.6(e)12.5(se)14.6(r)12.3(v)29.2(a)12.4(t)0(i)18.8(o)0(n)-257.1(o)0(f)-258.5(l)0(o)20.5(c)0(a)14.6(l)-267.4(po)22.3(li)18.8(ti)18.8(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(c)12.5(a)0(l)-280.8(b)13.7(ou)17.1(n)13.7(d)0(a)15.8(r)12.3(ie)19.3(s)-287.5(a)0(n)21(d)-286.3(na)15.8(t)12(u)0(r)20.8(a)0(l)-275.6(c)0(o)15.8(m)10.2(m)10.2(u)0(n)22.3(i)0(t)18.8(i)0(e)19.3(s)-287.5(\(F)21.1(re)29.9(ye)15.8(r)-282.6(a)0(n)15.8(d)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(Ho)17.8(l)12(d)0(e)21(n)-343.2(20)17.1(1)13.7(1)0(\))15.6(.)-339.7(Ju)21.1(st)19.3(ic)19.3(e)-344.5(K)30(en)21(ne)15.8(dy)-329.5(de)15.8(m)10.2(o)0(n)22.3(s)0(t)19.3(r)0(a)19.5(t)0(e)14.1(s)-339.2(m)10.2(u)0(c)15.8(h)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(s)12.5(t)0(r)19.1(o)0(n)17.1(g)13.7(er)-384(su)21.1(pp)17.1(or)20.8(t)-391.5(o)0(f)-382.7(u)0(s)21.1(i)0(n)20.5(g)-395(a)-391.1(T)0(D)18(P)-389.5(st)19.3(an)21(da)15.8(r)12.3(d)-395(i)12(n)-389.8(pl)20.5(ac)14.6(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(o)13.7(f)-344.7(sy)15.9(m)10.2(m)10.2(e)12.5(tr)19.1(y)-343.2(i)0(n)-336.4(c)0(a)19.7(l)0(l)18.8(i)0(n)20.5(g)-343.2(TD)18(Ps)-335.6()131.2()0(o)15.6(b)13.7(je)14.1(c)12.5(t)0(i)39.5(v)18.9(e)12.5(.)68.9()131.2()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 496.8566 438.2361 Tm
-.0172 Tc
(13)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 508.7054 433.3605 Tm
0 Tc
[(Ju)15.9(s)12.5(t)0(i)18.8(c)0(e)]TJ
-18.0544 -1.1795 TD
[(Da)32.1(vi)15.4(d)-632.9(S)0(o)17.4(u)13.7(te)14.1(r)-634.4(s)12.5(im)17(i)12(l)0(a)14.1(r)12.3(l)12(y)-638.1(ad)21(he)15.8(r)12.3(e)0(s)-626.8(t)0(o)-615.8(v)0(i)15.4(o)13.7(la)19.3(ti)18.8(on)17.1(s)-634.1(o)0(f)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(TD)18(P)14(s)-241(as)-228.5(a)-235.9(m)0(e)17.5(a)0(s)19.8(u)0(r)15.6(e)-235.9(of)-227.5(ge)15.8(r)12.3(r)0(y)20.8(m)0(a)17.5(n)0(d)17.1(e)12.5(rs)-228.7(\(C)16.1(h)13.7(e)0(n)-232.5(a)12.5(nd)-231.2(Ro)22.7(d-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(d)13.7(e)0(n)-418.7(2)13.7(01)17.1(5,)-414(3)13.7(1)0(6)17.1(\))12.3(.)-422.5(T)0(h)17.3(e)-422.1(Su)17.4(pr)20.8(em)17.5(e)-422.1(C)0(o)17.5(u)0(r)20.8(t)-422.6(al)14.1(s)12.5(o)-426(s)12.5(t)0(r)19.1(o)0(n)17.1(g)13.7(ly)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(r)12.3(e)0(l)19.3(i)0(e)19.3(s)-416.8(on)-407.1(h)13.7(o)29.2(w)-414.9(w)0(e)16.5(i)12(rd)20.8(ly)-408.8(s)12.5(h)0(a)15.8(p)13.7(ed)-408.4(d)13.7(i)0(s)19.3(t)0(r)19.1(i)0(c)19.3(t)0(s)-410(a)12.5(re)-404.7(in)-408.8(t)12(h)0(e)21(i)0(r)]TJ
ET
q
1 i
310.847 354.274 m
537.959 354.274 l
537.959 77.216 l
310.847 77.216 l
W n
0 0 0 RG
1 J 1 j .454 w 10 M []0 d
q 1 0 0 1 310.847 354.161 cm 0 0 m
311.471 0 l
S
Q
Q
BT
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 340.2141 Tm
(9)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 314.192 336.2456 Tm
-.0144 Tc
[(A)-257.5(o)5.1(ne)-256.6(p)5.1(e)-14.4(r)13.2(c)-14.4(e)13.4(n)-1.3(t)-251.9(pop)5.1(ula)-14.4(t)11.8(ion)-254.2(d)5.1(e)21.6(v)-1.3(ia)-14.4(t)11.8(i)1(on)-254.2(is)-255.4(p)5.1(e)-14.4(r)13.2(m)1.5(it)-14.4(t)10.1(e)2.6(d)-254.2(b)-1.3(y)-254.2(t)1(he)-250.3(Suprem)-14.4(e)]TJ
-.373 -1.1128 TD
0 Tc
[(C)14.7(o)13.1(u)19.5(r)0(t)-208(f)0(o)23.7(r)-223.4(r)16.9(e)17(d)13.1(i)15.4(st)27.4(r)16.9(i)15.4(ct)26.1(i)15.4(n)13.1(g)-220.8(c)0(o)30.2(n)13.1(g)13.1(r)16.9(es)29(si)27.4(o)13.1(n)19.5(al)-214.1(d)19.5(i)0(s)27.4(t)15.4(ri)26(c)17(t)15.4(s.)-212.3(A)-224.1(s)18.3(ta)26.2(t)15.4(e)-223.2(d)13.1(i)15.4(st)27.4(r)16.9(i)15.4(ct)-214.1(m)15.9(a)17(p)]TJ
T*
-.0143 Tc
[(with)-273.1(a)-269.1(popu)5.2(la)-14.3(t)11.8(i)1.1(on)-266.7(de)21.7(via)-14.3(t)11.9(io)5.2(n)-273.1(a)-14.3(b)15.9(o)11.5(v)11.5(e)-275.5(on)5.2(e)-275.5(p)5.2(e)-14.3(r)13.3(c)-14.3(e)13.5(nt)-270.7(might)-270.8(s)4(t)1.1(i)-14.3(l)10.3(l)-270.8(b)5.2(e)-275.5(p)-1.2(er)8.9(-)]TJ
T*
-.016 Tc
[(mitte)-16(d)14.2(,)-246.5(though)-243.1(i)-16(t)-231.7(is)-244.3(i)-16(n)12.6(c)-16(u)14.2(m)-16(b)13.1(e)-16(n)7.9(t)-240.8(upon)-249.5(t)-.6(he)-251.9(de)-16(f)11.6(e)-16(n)14.2(d)-2.9(ant)-247.2(t)-.6(o)-243.1(d)-2.9(em)-16(o)13.1(n)-2.9(s)-16(t)11.4(ra)-16(t)10.1(e)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
-.0155 Tc
[(that)-290.9(s)-15.5(o)15.9(m)-15.5(e)-279.7(othe)-15.5(r)-278.8(l)-.1(e)7.9(g)-2.4(itima)-15.5(t)10.7(e)-289.3(s)-15.5(t)11.9(a)1.5(te)-295.6(concer)-15.5(n)-276.4(i)-15.5(s)-279(a)1.5(dv)16.6(ance)-15.5(d)-276.2(b)-2.4(y)-286.9(t)-15.5(h)13.1(e)-295.6(pop-)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(ul)-15.4(a)10.7(tion)-248.9(d)-2.3(e)20.6(v)-2.3(ia)-15.4(t)10.7(i)0(on,)-252.3(s)-15.4(u)16(c)-15.4(h)-238.1(a)-15.4(s)-239.3(t)0(he)-251.3(pre)-15.4(s)13.6(e)-15.4(r)12.2(v)23(a)-15.4(t)10.8(i)0(on)-248.9(of)-251.5(T)29.5(r)1.5(a)-15.4(d)8.5(itiona)-15.4(l)-242.2(D).8(is)-15.4(t)12(r)1.4(ic)-15.4(t)10.7(-)]TJ
T*
-.0145 Tc
[(ing)-538.8(P).1(rinc)-14.5(i)11.6(p)5(le)-14.5(s)-529.3(\()-14.5(T)15.7(D)-14.5(P)9.9(s)3.8(\))-541.4(\()-14.5(L)15.7(e)15.2(v)5(i).9(t)-14.5(t)-527.4(201)5(0\).)-542.2(T)-1.2(he)-541.2(Sup)5(r)-14.5(e)13.1(m)1.4(e)-547.5(C).2(o)5(u)-1.4(rt)-542.8(in)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
T*
-.0141 Tc
[(Maha)5.4(n)-266.5(v)-14.1(.)-252.9(H)2.1(owe)-14.1(l)12.1(l)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.0311 0 TD
-.0144 Tc
[(\()-14.4(1)15.6(973)5.1(\))-14.4(,)-253.4(410)-266.8(U.S.)-263.9(315,)-263.9(perm)-14.4(i)10.6(t)1(s)-268(p)5.1(opulation)-266.8(d)-1.3(e)21.6(v)-1.3(i-)]TJ
-7.0311 -1.1065 TD
-.0147 Tc
[(ations)-205.1(of)-206.5(up)-210.2(to)-210.2(1)4.8(6)-1.6(.4)-210.2(p)4.8(e)-14.7(r)12.9(c)-14.7(e)13.1(n)-1.6(t)-207.9(f)2.2(or)-206.5(s)-14.7(t)12.7(at)-14.7(e)-197.2(l).7(e)8.7(g)-1.6(is)3.6(la)-14.7(t)11.5(i)19.7(v)11.1(e)-206.3(dis)-14.7(t)12.7(ric)-14.7(t)11.4(s)-205.1(i).7(f)-200.2(i).7(t)-207.9(c)-14.7(a)13.1(n)-210.2(be)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
-.0155 Tc
[(de)-15.5(m)11.1(onstr)-15.5(a)12.1(t)-.1(e)-15.5(d)-314.1(tha)-15.5(t)-311.8(TD)-15.5(P)8.9(s)-326(ar)-15.5(e)-316.7(p)-2.4(re)-15.5(s)13.5(e)-15.5(r)12.1(v)10.3(e)-15.5(d)-314.1(by)-324.8(s)-15.5(u)9.6(ch)-331.2(a)-327.2(d)-2.4(e)20.5(v)-2.4(iation.)-328.2(It)-328.9(is)]TJ
T*
[(when)-261.6(the)-257.7(p)-2.4(lai)-15.5(n)13.1(tif)14(f)-257.9(d)-2.4(emonstr)-15.5(a)12.1(t)-.1(e)-15.5(s)-245.8(tha)-15.5(t)-248.6(non-per)-15.5(f)11.9(ec)-15.5(t)-248.6(p)-2.4(opulat)-15.5(i)9(o)4(n)-261.6(d)-2.4(e)20.5(v)-2.4(i-)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
-.0146 Tc
[(ation)-267(a)-14.6(r)13(i).8(s)-14.6(e)14.4(s)-268.2(f)2.3(r)-14.6(o)15.4(m)-270.6(c)2.4(once)-14.6(r)13(ns)-261.9(other)-269.6(t).8(han)-267(T)-1.3(DPs)-268.2(t).8(hat)-271.1(a)-263.1(c)-14.6(o)15.6(ur)-14.6(t)-254.2(m)1.3(a)-14.6(y)-250(r)-14.6(u)9.1(le)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
-.0145 Tc
[(agai)-14.5(n)14.1(s)-14.5(t)-227.4(t).9(he)-237.7(de)-14.5(f)13.1(e)2.5(ndant)-239.3(a)-14.5(n)15.7(d)-241.6(d)-1.4(e)-14.5(c)13.3(la)-14.5(r)13.1(e)-244.1(a)-237.7(pop)5(ula)-14.5(t)11.7(io)5(n)-241.6(d)-1.4(e)21.5(v)-1.4(iat)-14.5(i)10.1(o)5(n)-241.6(number)8.7(-)]TJ
T*
-.0141 Tc
[(ing)-298.1(i)1.3(n)-298.1(t)1.3(he)-300.6(o)5.4(n)-1(e)-14.1(s)-288.6(o)5.4(f)-300.7(people)-300.6(a)2.9(s)-299.3(t)1.3(oo)-298.1(muc)-14.1(h)-287.4(\(Eng)5.4(s)-14.1(t)13.3(rom)-301.7(2)5.4(002\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 200.7496 Tm
0 Tc
(10)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 196.7244 Tm
[(Gill)-304.3(v.)-302(Whitford)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
6.7276 0 TD
[(\(2018\),)-296.1(585)-302(U.S.)-303.9(___.)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 190.7716 Tm
(11)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 186.8031 Tm
[(The)-411.8(Florida)-412.9(Supreme)-410.8(Court)-407.2(all)-413.7(b)13.1(u)0(t)-407.7(thre)18.2(w)-407.5(out)-413.5(the)-409.6(e)23.4(vidence)]TJ
-.7461 -1.1128 TD
[(Jonathan)-391.8(Rodden)-389.9(presented)-390(based)-389.3(on)-391(simulated)-390.3(neutral)-391.4(maps)]TJ
T*
[(when)-351.5(the)-352.7(defendant)-350.9(pointed)-348.5(out)-350.3(a)-349.7(dozen)-356.5(out)-350.3(of)-349.4(the)-352.7(thousands)]TJ
T*
[(of)-532.8(simulated)-542(maps)-536.3(that)-533.3(adhered)-537.6(to)-540.5(the)-536.1(GOP)-534.8(congressional)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
(maps.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.7252 0 TD
(See)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.7578 0 TD
[(Appellant)45.3(s)-361.1(Reply)-362.8(Brief,)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
10.4202 0 TD
[(League)-360.9(of)-363.4(Women)-365.8(Voters)]TJ
-14.9031 -1.1128 TD
[(of)-496.2(Florida)-498.8(et.)-495.2(al.)-499.1(v.)-498(Ken)-492.5(Detzner)-504.3(et)-498.7(al.)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
17.5587 0 TD
[(SC14-1905,)-497.6(h)-12.2(t)-9.9(t)-9.9(p)-12.2(:)-9.8(/)-16.2(/)]TJ
-17.5587 -1.1128 TD
.0135 Tc
[(w)4.4(w)-2(w)67.6(.)4.3(flor)5.1(id)13.5(a)-6.9(s).2(u)13.5(p)-4.5(re)5.2(me)5.2(cou)13.5(r)-7.1(t.)4.3(or)13.5(g/)]TJ
12.6395 0 TD
.0119 Tc
[(pub)11.9(_)-6.1(i)2(nfo/s)4.9(u)-.3(mmaries)4.9(/)-4.3(b)11.9(r)-8.7(iefs/14/)]TJ
-12.6395 -1.1128 TD
0 Tc
[(14-1)18.3(905/)16.9(File)11.9(d_0)14.1(1-09-)16.2(201)14.1(5_App)18.1(ella)14.4(nt)64.4(s_Re)12.6(ply_)16.9(Answ)13.1(er_B)11.2(rie)11.4(f_)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(Cro)13.1(ss_A)15.2(ppeal)18.9(.pdf)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
7.1828 0 TD
(>)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
.5501 0 TD
(.)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 101.0834 Tm
(12)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 97.1149 Tm
[(541)-302(U.S.)-303.9(267.)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 91.1621 Tm
(13)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 87.137 Tm
[(Vieth)-216.5(v.)-219.8(Jubelirer)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.1449 0 TD
[(\(2004\),)-213.9(541)-213.5(U.S.)-215.4(267)-213.5(at)-214.1(335,)-216.4(cited)-219.1(by)-214(Freyer)]TJ
-7.891 -1.1065 TD
[(and)-298.1(Holden)-304(\(2011,)-300.3(4978\).)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
9.9626 0 0 9.9626 71.7165 749.3668 Tm
[(REDISTRICTING)-306.1(OUT)-304.7(REPRESENTATION)-25198.5(331)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
106 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10.959 0 0 10.959 74.0976 724.762 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(de)15.8(c)12.5(i)0(s)19.4(i)0(o)15.4(n)13.7(s)-256.5(o)0(n)-246.7(r)12.3(ac)19.7(ia)19.3(l)-257(g)0(e)21(r)0(r)19.4(y)0(m)18.7(a)0(n)15.8(d)13.7(er)19.5(s,)-249.6(s)12.5(u)0(c)15.8(h)-250.1(as)-249.2(i)12(n)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
17.6509 0 TD
[(Sh)22.3(aw)-246.3(v.)]TJ
-17.6509 -1.1795 TD
[(Re)16(no)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
2.2969 0 TD
[(\(1)15.6(9)13.7(9)0(3)17.1(\))12.3(.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 130.507 716.7117 Tm
-.0172 Tc
(14)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 141.5055 711.8361 Tm
0 Tc
[(Ho)38.5(we)42.4(v)18.9(e)0(r)50.6(,)-262.1(Ju)15.9(s)12.5(t)0(i)18.8(c)0(e)-259.6(K)30(e)12.5(n)0(n)17.1(e)12.5(dy)-257.1(n)13.7(o)0(t)15.4(e)12.5(s)-266.8(t)12(ha)15.8(t)]TJ
-6.1509 -1.1847 TD
[(as)-192.3(of)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
2.0537 0 TD
-.0134 Tc
[(Vi)-13.4(eth)-211.8(v)-13.4(.)-206.2(J)-13.4(ube)-13.4(l).7(ir)-13.4(e)6.4(r)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
6.7613 0 TD
-.02 Tc
[(,)-220.1(T)-20(DP)-20(s)-210.8(h)-20(ad)-223.6(y)-20(e)1(t)-225.3(t)-8(o)-223.6(b)-6.3(e)-224.8(a)-20(pp)-20(li)-20(ed)-223.6(i)-8(n)]TJ
-8.8151 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(a)-230.7(w)0(a)16.5(y)-239.8(th)20.5(at)-234.2(m)10.2(o)18.9(v)24.1(e)0(s)-233.7(b)0(e)31.3(y)0(o)17.1(n)13.7(d)-239.8(c)0(o)15.8(r)12.3(re)19.5(la)14.1(t)12(e)0(s)-233.7(o)13.7(f)-241.2(g)0(e)15.8(r)12.3(ry)20.8(m)10.2(a)0(n)15.8(d)13.7(er)14.4(s)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(th)15.4(a)12.5(t)-189.8(m)10.2(i)0(g)20.5(h)0(t)-181.2(s)0(t)19.3(i)0(l)18.8(l)-189.8(be)-180.8(m)10.2(a)0(n)21(i)0(p)20.5(u)0(l)15.4(a)12.5(te)19.3(d)-193.2(b)13.7(y)-193.2(p)13.7(ar)19.5(ti)18.8(es)14.6(.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 249.8456 677.8203 Tm
-.0172 Tc
(15)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 260.0503 672.9447 Tm
0 Tc
[(S)14(t)0(r)19.1(a)0(n)15.8(g)13.7(el)19.3(y)]TJ
-16.968 -1.1795 TD
[(sh)15.9(a)12.5(p)0(e)15.8(d)-415.7(di)20.5(st)19.3(ri)19.1(ct)19.3(s)-416.8(b)0(y)-407.1(t)0(h)20.5(e)0(m)17.5(s)0(e)19.8(l)0(v)25.7(e)12.5(s)-416.8(o)0(f)36.3(f)12.3(er)-409.8(n)13.7(o)-420.8(d)13.7(i)0(r)19.1(e)0(c)14.6(t)-417.4(e)33.1(v)0(i)20.5(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(de)15.8(nc)21(e)-292.8(o)0(f)-279.2(r)0(e)19.5(p)0(r)20.8(e)0(s)14.6(e)12.5(nt)20.5(at)14.1(i)12(o)0(n)22.3(a)0(l)-285.9(h)13.7(ar)19.5(m.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(In)-465.5(essence,)-473.6(the)-463.6(concern)-473.1(of)-465.5(Justice)-465.9(K)19.6(ennedy)-468.6(is)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(what)-459.5(fair)-458(districting)-461.8(principles)-457.8(are)-438.8(violated)-456.7(when)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(maps)-318.4(become)-292.3(ve)10.6(ry)-315.4(asymmetrical,)-314.1(and)-311.9(political)-317.1(sci-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(entists)-378.4(ha)10.6(ve)-361.8(so)-372.1(far)-376.9(failed)-370(to)-372.6(explain)-365.2(why)-372(violating)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(these)-242.1(principles)-240.5(matter)50.6(.)-236.3(Early)-235.7(work)-240.7(on)-236.4(TDPs)-234.8(larg)9(ely)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0115 Tc
[(frame)-379.6(m)1(atters)-379.5(su)4.5(ch)-383.5(a)3.3(s)-379.5(comp)4.5(ac)3.3(tnes)3.3(s)-379.5(a)-1.9(s)-379.5(d)-.6(e)24(v)-.6(iations)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(from)-237(what)-240.3(migh)4.5(t)-240.3(b)-.6(e)-234.7(e)11.5(xp)4.5(ected)-238.6(u)-.6(n)4.5(d)-.6(er)-240.1(rand)4.5(om)-237(co)4.5(nd)4.5(i-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(tion)4.6(s)-374.2(\()3.2(Niemi)-374.7(e)3.4(t)-374.7(a)3.4(l.)-369.5(19)4.6(90)4.6(;)-374.7(S)-.3(tern)-373(1)4.6(974)4.6(;)-374.7(P)4.9(olsb)4.6(y)-373(a)-1.8(n)4.6(d)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0104 Tc
[(Pop)3.4(p)-1.7(er)-313.6(1)3.4(9)-1.7(9)3.4(1)-1.7(\).)-313.8(C)3.9(h)-1.7(en)-312.1(and)-312.1(R)3.9(odd)3.4(en)-307(\(201)3.4(5\))-308.4(in)-312.1(partic-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0084 Tc
[(u)-3.7(l)-.3(a)-5(r)-367.3(ad)-3.7(dr)-5.2(es)-4.9(s)-367.1(h)1.4(o)8.4(w)-356.6(a)-5(s).2(y)-3.7(mmet)-5.5(r)0(ic)-367.1(ma)-5(ps)-367.1(mi)-5.5(gh)-3.7(t)-367.6(b)1.4(e)-367.1(d)-3.7(ue)]TJ
T*
.011 Tc
[(to)-487.4(natural)-489.1(a)-2.4(n)4(d)-492.6(self-cho)4(sen)-492.6(d)4(istrib)11(utio)4(ns)-488.6(of)-488.9(clus-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(tered)-228.7(D)-.3(emo)4.1(c)-2.3(ratic)-229.9(v)11.1(oters)-229.9(w)-.3(ith)4.1(out)-225.2(no)4.1(ting)-228.7(wh)4.1(y)-228.7(c)-2.3(o)4.1(u)-1(rts)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.4069 Tc
[(m)396.4(i)393(g)399.9(h)394.8(tw)395.5(a)398.7(n)394.8(tt)398.2(op)394.8(r)398.5(e)393.5(s)398.7(e)393.5(r)398.5(v)406.9(et)]TJ
10.5274 0 TD
.008 Tc
[(h)-4.1(e)-.2(s)-5.3(e)-398.6(na)-5.4(tu)-4.1(ra)-5.4(lly)-402.5(oc)-5.4(cu)-4.1(rri)-5.9(ng)]TJ
-10.5274 -1.1847 TD
.0096 Tc
[(clust)-4.3(e)1.4(rs)-303.8(\(334\).)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(W)72.7(e)-303.1(answer)-305(that)-301.6(the)-303.3(core)-300.9(to)-300.2(understanding)-306.3(harms)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(to)-569.2(representation)-572.4(amounts)-573.9(to)-548.5(what)-568.2(is)-570.4(unique)-567.3(to)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(district-based)-346.5(representation)-344.8(as)-342.3(opposed)-341(to)-336.4(propor-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(tional)-544.9(representation:)-544.9(the)-546.4(relationship)-540.7(between)-545.1(a)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(subset)-693.9(of)-693.1(constituents)-695.6(and)-689.5(their)-692.9(representati)15.7(ve.)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(States)-276.4(originally)-270.8(sought)-267.2(to)-269.2(enshrine)-269.6(the)-272.2(constituent-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(representati)10.6(v)13.7(e)-204.8(link)-202.1(through)-202(the)-205(preserv)16.9(ation)-205.1(and)-203.3(rep-)]TJ
T*
[(resentation)-357.4(of)-331(functional)-353.1(and)-353.3(natural)-356.3(communities.)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(Functional)-413.5(natural)-413.2(communities)-418.6(permit)-408.5(agreement)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(and)-311.9(cooperation)-313.1(amongst)-310(members,)-312.9(e)22.8(v)0(e)10.6(n)-312.2(when)-307.8(po-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(litical)-365.2(vie)17.5(ws)-361(conflict,)-363.3(and)-363.6(ease)-364(of)-362(contact)-361.3(between)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(constituents)-359.4(and)-353.3(their)-356.6(representati)15.7(ve)10.6(.)-355.3(The)-353.1(TDPs)-359(of)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(compactness)-415.4(and)-405(preserv)16.9(ation)-406.9(of)-403.4(local)-408.2(boundaries)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(originally)-539.8(preserv)11.8(ed)-537.7(communities,)-535.9(which)-533.8(is)-534.2(why)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(they)-470.6(became)-474.7(a)-479(traditional)-477.4(standard)-481.7(in)-470.9(districting.)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(When)-234(America)-224.2(was)-229.6(founded,)-230.9(only)-226.2(political)-234.3(commu-)]TJ
T*
[(nities)-422(as)-414.7(sympathetic)-421.5(cohesi)19.9(ve)-408.4(social)-421.5(groups)-417(war-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ranted)-518.3(representation.)-524.2(State)-506.2(go)11.9(ve)10.6(rnments)-518.4(secured)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(the)-370.5(representation)-375.9(of)-367.2(political)-368.8(communities)-372.1(by)-365.7(ap-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(portioning)-479.9(representati)15.7(v)13.7(e)0(s)-476.8(t)0(o)-476.1(counties)-476.8(and)-472.3(to)20.5(wns,)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(purposefully)-237.4(designed)-232(to)-232.9(be)-232.5(compact)-233.8(so)-232.4(as)-233.7(to)-232.9(ensure)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(citizens)-417.8(could)-415.5(reach)-417.8(the)-411.9(seat)-416.2(of)-413.7(local)-418.5(go)11.9(ve)10.7(rnment)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(and)-234.3(participate)-240.2(in)-232.9(deliberati)16.4(ve)-222.1(democrac)6.6(y)60.3(.)-231.1(Although)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(the)-220.5(original)-224.1(conception)-221.9(of)-217.2(representation)-220.7(of)-222.3(political)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(communities)-423.8(via)-417.1(to)20.5(wns)-419.7(and)-420.5(counties)-419.9(is)-420.4(no)-417.5(longer)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(possible)-238.8(due)-229.1(to)-232.9(population)-236.6(constraints,)-236.6(the)-230.8(preserv)16.9(a-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(tion)-331.4(of)-325.8(ZIP)-327.1(Codes)-326.6(is)-327.3(the)-329.1(modern-day)-327.1(equi)15.7(v)24.1(alent)-330.6(of)]TJ
T*
[(the)-318.8(early)-314.8(American)-319.1(ideal.)-313.4(Further)28.3(,)-313.9(a)0(s)-316.5(w)0(e)-314.5(sho)24.4(w)-316.6(em-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(pirically)55.6(,)-246.6(i)0(t)-245(i)0(s)-244.5(the)-230.8(violation)-246.8(of)-248.2(ZIP)-244.4(Codes)-249(that)-249.9(breaks)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(the)-267.1(sympathy)-260.1(between)-265.7(representati)10.6(v)13.7(e)0(s)-264.7(and)-260.2(constitu-)]TJ
21.8204 59.088 TD
[(ents)-249.4(in)-243.3(a)-235.9(way)-249.1(that)-244.7(unconstitutionally)-250(burdens)-239(the)-246.4(in-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(fluence)-304.1(of)-299.9(vo)11.9(ters)-302.5(on)-298.5(the)-303.3(political)-301.6(process.)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
5.6698 -3.5488 TD
[(EARLY)-306(AMERICAN)]TJ
-1.4847 -1.1795 TD
(INSTITUTIONALIZATION)Tj
.6984 -1.1847 TD
[(OF)-301.8(REPRESENTATION)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
-3.7919 -2.359 TD
.0206 Tc
[(T)20.6(r)10.6(adi)-3.6(t)1.6(i)-3.6(o)3.3(nal)-360.6(D)-1.2(istricti)-3.6(ng)]TJ
9.9118 0 TD
.0208 Tc
[(Principles)-359.8(matt)-3.4(er)-365.3(inso-)]TJ
-11.0033 -1.1847 TD
.0219 Tc
[(far)-384.9(a)-1.9(s)-384.6(t)2.9(he)8.5(y)-383.4(r)3.1(epresent)-385.1(func)]TJ
11.1275 0 TD
.0217 Tc
[(tional)-385.3(n)-.8(atural)-385.3(po)4.4(litical)]TJ
-11.1275 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(communitiesa)-409.8(people)-382.4(who)-403(could)-405.2(come)-406.4(together)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(and)-322.2(agree)-329.8(to)-326.1(a)-323.8(common)-324.4(go)11.9(ve)10.6(rnment.)-327.5(Early)-328.8(Ameri-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(can)-318.3(political)-322.3(theorists)-321.4(agreed)-321.3(on)-319.2(the)-318.8(need)-320.1(for)-323.9(some)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(type)-372.3(of)-367.2(cohesion)-371.7(in)-372.6(order)-370.1(for)-370.4(a)-370.4(g)0(o)11.9(v)0(e)10.6(rnment,)-374.1(espe-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(cially)-406.5(democracies)-406.6(and)-405(republics,)-406(to)-403.7(operate.)-405.9(In)-403.4(a)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(republican)-383.7(system)-381.8(of)-382.7(go)11.9(vernment,)-373.8(James)-384.8(Madison)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
(in)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.0398 0 TD
[(Federalist)-260.7(56)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
5.6388 0 TD
[(noted,)-263.8()120.9(It)-258.4(is)-260(a)-261.7(sound)-258.5(and)-255(important)]TJ
-6.6786 -1.1795 TD
-.0192 Tc
[(principle)-203.3(t)3.1(hat)-198.6(t)3.1(he)-203.3(represen)4.9(tati)23.8(v)10(e)-203.3(ou)4.9(ght)-198.6(to)-196.9(be)-203.3(acquainted)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
0 Tc
[(wi)21.3(th)-295(t)12(h)0(e)-294.6(i)12(nt)20.5(er)19.5(es)19.8(ts)-296.2(a)12.5(n)0(d)-293.3(c)12.5(ir)19.1(cu)15.8(m)10.2(s)12.5(ta)19.3(nc)15.8(es)-290.6(of)-289.6(hi)15.4(s)-297.9(c)0(o)15.8(n)13.7(st)19.3(it)18.8(u-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(en)21(ts)19.4(.)68.9()131.2()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 338.2298 483.5905 Tm
-.0172 Tc
(16)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 348.6613 478.7148 Tm
0 Tc
[(M)10.7(a)0(d)21(i)0(s)19.3(o)0(n)-205.4(d)0(i)20.5(d)-213.9(n)13.7(o)0(t)-201.9(e)17.6(xp)22.3(re)14.4(s)12.5(s)-215.1(h)13.7(i)0(s)-203.1(p)0(e)15.8(r)12.3(so)15.9(n)13.7(a)0(l)-203.2(b)0(e)15.8(l)12(ie)19.3(fs)19.6(,)]TJ
-3.2332 -1.1847 TD
[(b)18.9(u)13.7(t)-350.1(r)12.3(at)19.3(he)15.8(r)-344.7(s)0(t)19.3(a)0(t)19.3(e)0(d)-341.1(t)12(he)-320.4(wi)21.3(de)21(ly)-341.6(a)12.5(c)0(c)14.6(e)12.5(pt)20.5(ed)-341.1(co)21(nc)15.8(e)12.5(p)0(t)20.5(i)0(o)15.4(n)-343.2(of)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(r)12.3(e)0(p)15.8(r)12.3(es)14.6(e)12.5(n)0(t)20.5(a)0(t)19.3(i)0(o)15.4(n)-250.1(a)12.5(c)0(r)19.5(o)0(s)15.9(s)-251.3(t)12(h)0(e)-242.8(s)12.5(ta)19.3(te)19.3(s.)-244.4(S)14(t)0(a)14.1(t)12(es)-238.9(al)14.1(r)12.3(e)0(a)19.7(d)0(y)-241.6(r)0(e)19.5(p)0(r)20.8(e)0(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(se)19.8(nt)20.5(ed)-372.2()126.1()0(t)19.1(h)0(e)-372.2(p)0(e)21(o)0(p)17.1(l)12(e)133.3()-380.9(w)0(i)21.3(t)0(h)20.5(i)0(n)-372.6(t)0(h)20.5(e)-385.9(l)12(o)29.2(we)21.7(r)-386.1(h)13.7(ou)17.1(s)12.5(e)-385.9(o)13.7(f)-386.1(t)12(h)0(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0219 Tc
[(s)3.4(t)-2.3(a)3.3(t)2.9(e)54.9(s)-363.9(l)2.9(e)13.7(g)-.6(is)3.4(la)3.3(ture)3.3(.)-364.4(I)3.1(n)-362.7(n)4.6(ea)3.3(rly)-362.7(e)21.9(v)11.9(e)3.3(ry)-362.7(s)3.4(t)-2.3(a)3.3(t)2.9(e,)-359.2(go)14.9(v)9.8(e)3.3(rn)4.6(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0214 Tc
[(ments)-338.5(r)-2.5(epresented)-337.3(the)-338.6(p)-1.1(eop)4.1(l)-2.8(e)-338.6(t)2.4(hrou)4.1(gh)-337.3(th)4.1(e)-343.8(a)2.8(pp)4.1(or)13(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
-.0191 Tc
[(t)-38.1(i)-38.1(o)-41.6(n)-36.4(m)-39.9(e)-42.9(n)-36.4(t)-358.9(o)-.2(f)-322.4(r)3.5(epresentati)23.9(v)10.1(es)-317(to)-315.8(counties)-322.1(o)-.2(r)-317.2(t)3.2(o)20.5(w).5(nships)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0199 Tc
[(\(Kromko)19.7(w)-.3(ski)-302.8(2)4.2(002\).)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(It)-550(is)-554.9(from)-551.7(the)-556.8(representation)-556.9(of)-553.4(counties)-554.4(and)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(to)20.5(wnships)-248.8(that)-244.7(the)-246.4(TDP)-247.4(of)-248.2(respect)-248.4(for)-246.3(local)-247.8(political)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(boundaries)-516.4(arises.)-513.9(The)-513.5(importance)-516.6(of)-512(to)20.5(wns)-512.9(and)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(counties)-549.3(e)12.5(xtends)-547.8(be)10.6(yond)-545.2(tradition.)-551.8(Counties)-547.5(and)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(to)20.5(wnships)-248.8(were)-248.5(purposefully)-247.7(created)-253.7(with)-242.7(the)-251.5(intent)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(to)-207.1(designate)-210.9(an)-211.8(e)12.5(xisting)-210.4(political)-213.6(community)-209.1(as)-207.8(wor)9.4(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(thy)-250.3(of)-253.4(their)-258.3(o)24.1(w)0(n)-256.4(representati)15.7(v)13.7(e)-256.5(capable)-257.4(of)-253.4(partaking)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(in)-284.7(the)-282.6(deliberati)16.4(v)13.7(e)-287.6(process)-282.8(to)-284.7(adv)19.2(ance)-285.2(particular)-283.4(in-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(terests)-451.8(and)-451.6(consent)-452.6(to)-450.2(the)-453.3(public)-450.1(good.)-450.4(Eve)9(n)-451.9(the)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(more)-287.6(anti-local)-288.9(Federalists)-291(sa)9.5(w)-285.6(the)-287.8(use)-287.2(in)-284.7(localities)]TJ
T*
[(as)-332(the)-329.1(smallest)-328.1(functional)-332.4(gov)20.5(erning)-330.8(unit)-331.4(to)-326.1(ensure)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(order)-302.9(\(Rehfeld)-300.5(2008,)-300.4(95\).)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(State)-263(go)11.9(ve)10.6(rnments)-275.3(initially)-271(dre)17.7(w)-270.1(counties)-275.1(so)-273.8(that)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(e)17.6(v)13.7(ery)-349.6(county)50.2(s)-344.4(center)-348.9(was)-348.6(no)-345(further)-351.1(than)-346.5(one)-342.9(day)]TJ
ET
q
1 i
313.228 174.954 m
540.397 174.954 l
540.397 77.216 l
313.228 77.216 l
W n
0 0 0 RG
1 J 1 j .454 w 10 M []0 d
q 1 0 0 1 313.228 174.841 cm 0 0 m
311.471 0 l
S
Q
Q
BT
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 160.8945 Tm
(14)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 319.9747 156.8692 Tm
[(509)-295.7(U.S.)-303.9(630.)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 150.9165 Tm
(15)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 319.9747 146.948 Tm
[(Political)-436.4(science)-435.1(research)-442.1(confi)12.4(rms)-435.8(Justice)-435.5(K)16.2(ennedy)52.9(s)-437(con-)]TJ
-.7524 -1.1128 TD
[(cerns)-480.4(o)13.1(v)13.1(e)0(r)-478.3(TDPs,)-478.1(as)-476.8(most)-474.7(courts)-481.5(tend)-478.7(to)-470.9(treat)-480.9(compactness)]TJ
T*
[(free)-438(of)-437.9(mathematical)-446.7(measures)-441.8(\(Engstrom)-439.3(2002\),)-433(Democrats)]TJ
T*
[(suf)23(fer)-341.3(from)-341.9(a)-337(natural)-347.2(gerrymander)-329.4(gi)22.2(ven)-329.7(that)-343.6(they)-327(cluster)-342(into)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(cities)-249.1(\(Chen)-247.6(and)-247.5(Rodden)-244.5(2013\),)-243.4(and)-247.5(the)-245.2(order)-251.8(in)-243.3(which)-247.6(one)-247.5(pri-)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(oritizes)-231.8(TDPs)-234.9(in)-230.7(simulations)-234(heavi)12.6(ly)-237(changes)-232.7(the)-232.6(distrib)12.9(ution)-233.2(of)]TJ
T*
[(maps)-302.4(\(Chen)-298.2(and)-304.5(Rodden)-301.4(2015;)-298.8(Altman)-305.2(and)-298.1(McDonald)-306.1(2011\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 81.1842 Tm
(16)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 319.9747 77.2157 Tm
[(Hamilton,)-298.5(Madison)-302.1(and)-304.4(Jay)-299.3(\(1788,)-300.3(275\).)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
9.9626 0 0 9.9626 74.0976 749.3668 Tm
(332)Tj
34.5644 0 TD
[(CURIEL)-305.8(AND)-304.3(STEELMAN)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
110 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10.959 0 0 10.959 71.7165 724.762 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(awa)8.3(y)-338.1(b)0(y)-334.7(wagon)-335.5(to)-331.2(the)-339.5(neighboring)-336.4(county)63.8(,)-334.6(a)-334.1(prac-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(tice)-411.5(generally)-418.1(adhered)-421.4(to)-414(throughout)-416.1(colonial)-420.5(and)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(early)-594.1(American)-598.4(history)-592.9(\(Stephan)-588.9(1971;)-595.3(Billings)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(1974\).)-329.5(Each)-325.1(county)-329.4(was)-327.9(defi)9(ned)-327.4(by)-329.5(a)-323.8(county)-329.4(court)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(at)-317(its)-315.3(center)28.8(,)-313.9(from)-318.9(which)-316.5(citizens)-314.3(could)-317.2(seek)-316.2(to)-315.7(ad-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(dress)-376.2(their)-377.3(concerns)-377.8(and)-374(interact)-381.8(with)-377.2(go)11.9(v)13.7(ernment)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(in)-212.3(their)-211.8(daily)-215.5(li)24(ves.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 152.674 651.9116 Tm
(17)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 163.1622 647.036 Tm
[(As)-216.2(Madison)-211.2(stated,)-212.9()115.7([T]he)-212.9(nat-)]TJ
-8.3443 -1.1795 TD
[(ural)-327.2(limit)-329.8(of)-325.8(a)-329(democrac)6.6(y)-322.5(i)0(s)-327.3(that)-327.5(distance)-333.3(from)-324(the)]TJ
T*
[(central)-238.6(point)-234.9(which)-233.7(will)-239.3(just)-234.3(permit)-237.8(the)-230.8(most)-236.1(remote)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(citizens)-247(to)-243.3(assemble)-248.3(as)-244(often)-246.3(as)-244(public)-243.2(functions)-246(de-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(mand.)62.1()115.7()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 104.2015 600.151 Tm
(18)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 117.1842 595.2755 Tm
[(County)-431.1(seats)-429.5(or)-434.4(to)20.5(wnship)-426.9(halls)-434(were)-434.7(in)]TJ
-4.1489 -1.1847 TD
[(turn)-253.5(at)-254.9(the)-256.7(center)-255.8(of)-253.4(the)-256.7(county)-251.8(or)-253.4(to)20.5(wnship,)-254.5(respec-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ti)18.8(ve)10.6(ly)61.9(.)-526(Therefore,)-534.7(both)-526.3(were)-527.8(institutionalized)-530.6(via)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(their)-227.3(boundaries)-226.7(so)-227.2(as)-223.3(to)-227.8(ensure)-222.9(deliberati)16.4(ve)-206.6(go)11.9(ve)10.6(rn-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ment)-303.4(by)-298.5(the)-303.3(people.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 160.1574 548.3337 Tm
(19)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 83.6787 530.4755 Tm
[(Gi)21.3(ven)-223.9(that)-229.2(equal)-235.7(distance)-235(to)-227.8(the)-230.8(center)-235.1(of)-232.7(go)11.9(ve)10.6(rn-)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(ment)-370.7(was)-369.3(the)-370.5(primary)-368.7(concern)-374.8(by)-365.7(which)-368.2(to)-372.6(create)]TJ
T*
[(local)-578.9(boundaries,)-576.8(local)-578.9(boundaries)-573.3(by)-577.8(def)12.6(inition)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(had)-544.7(to)-543.3(be)-542.9(compact.)-547.7(Compactness)-548.1(as)-544.1(concerning)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(early)-376.9(America)-374.2(meant)-373.8(compactness)-374(by)-370.9(trav)19.4(el)-373.9(times)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(as)-259.5(opposed)-253(to)-258.8(shape)-255.9(\(Niemi)-257.8(et)-254.9(al.)-258.4(1990\).)-251.9(De)16.5(viations)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(from)-251.6(re)9.2(gular)-256.6(polygons)-250.1(arose)-252.2(insofar)-252.5(as)-254.4(counties)-254.4(and)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(to)20.5(wnships)-228.1(b)13.7(uilt)-224.5(roads)-225(to)-222.6(the)-220.5(periphery)-225.2(of)-222.3(counties)-228.5(so)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(as)-259.5(to)-258.8(ensure)-259.1(that)-260.2(all)-258.4(could)-260.3(reach)-262.6(the)-256.7(center)-260.9(\(Stephan)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(1971;)-259.1(Billings)-260(1974;)-259.1(Kromko)16(wski)-257.7(2002\).)-262.3(It)-255.1(was)-260.6(the)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(need)-247.7(to)-243.3(connect)-245.8(all)-242.9(parts)-247.4(of)-243(the)-246.4(county)-246.6(to)-243.3(the)-241.2(county)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(seat)-323.1(that)-322.3(led)-324(county)-324.2(go)11.9(ve)10.6(rnments)-321.8(to)-326.1(be)-320.4(responsible)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(for)-303.2(the)-298.1(construction)-306.2(of)-299.9(roads)-302.6(\(Bryce)-300.3(1888,)-300.4(536\).)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(The)-244.5(infrastructure)-243(and)-239.5(design)-242.6(of)-237.9(to)20.5(wns)-243.8(and)-239.5(coun-)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(ties)-235.6(to)-227.8(enable)-233.6(all)-232.6(citizens)-231.5(to)-232.9(reach)-231.5(the)-230.8(center)-235.1(enabled)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(the)-577.4(direct)-582.1(relationship)-576.9(between)-581.3(constituents)-581.8(and)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(their)-403.2(representati)15.7(ve)10.6(s.)-399.6(This)-397.9(is)-399.7(best)-404.6(demonstrated)-402.4(in)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ho)17.1(w)66.2(,)-396.6(until)-397(the)-391.2(first)-389(half)-394.5(of)-393(the)-396.4(eighteenth)-399.5(century)64.4(,)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(most)-624.1(state)-626.6(district)-625.3(constituents)-623.2(signed)-625.4(contracts)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(with,)-380.7(and)-374(paid,)-381(their)-377.3(representati)15.7(v)13.7(e)0(s)-378.5(\(Porritt)-380.7(1903;)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(Pole)-289.3(1966;)-284.9(Kromko)16(wski)-288.8(2002,)-284.9(79)-288.1(and)-286(353\).)-286.3(There-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(fore,)-521.9(the)-515.4(purpose)-523.5(of)-517.2(counties)-518.2(and)-518.8(to)20.5(wns)-523.2(was)-519.3(to)]TJ
T*
[(ensure)-554(functional)-554.9(go)11.9(vernance,)-546.9(represent)-558.7(political)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0193 Tc
[(c)-19.3(o)-3.5(m)-9.1(m)-9.1(u)-19.3(ni)-19.3(ti)-19.3(es)-19.3(,)-367.2(a)-19.3(nd)-378(f)-7(o)-19.3(rm)-371.2(t)-19.3(h)-3.9(e)-374.1(b)-19.3(as)-19.3(is)-379.2(o)-5.6(f)-379.5(p)-5.6(o)-19.3(li)-19.3(ti)-19.3(ca)-19.3(l)-367.3(r)-19.3(ep)-19.3(re)-6.8(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(se)19.8(nt)15.4(a)12.5(t)0(i)18.8(o)0(n)17.1(.)-225.9(It)-224.1(wa)21.7(s)-230.6(o)0(n)17.1(l)12(y)-229.4(w)0(h)17.8(e)12.5(n)-229.4(D)0(e)16.5(m)10.2(oc)15.8(r)12.3(a)0(t)19.3(i)0(c)19.3(-)0(R)16.1(e)12.5(pu)17.1(b)13.7(l)0(i)18.8(c)0(a)14.6(n)13.7(s)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ch)15.8(a)12.5(n)0(g)17.1(e)12.5(d)-244.9(t)0(w)16.1(o)-239.8(co)15.8(un)22.3(ti)18.8(es)-233.7(to)-238.1(b)13.7(e)-246.2(no)17.1(n)13.7(-)0(c)14.4(o)13.7(m)10.2(p)0(a)15.8(c)12.5(t)-246.7(i)12(n)-244.9(t)0(h)20.5(e)-246.2(or)20.8(ig)20.5(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(in)20.5(al)-208.4(g)13.7(e)0(r)19.5(r)0(y)15.6(m)10.2(a)12.5(n)0(d)17.1(e)0(r)-202.9(t)12(ha)15.8(t)-210.5(t)0(h)20.5(e)-215.2(pu)17.1(r)12.3(p)0(o)17.1(s)12.5(e)-215.2(o)0(f)-201.6(c)0(o)21(u)0(n)17.1(t)12(ie)19.3(s)-215.1(w)0(a)16.5(s)-209.9(vi)20.5(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ol)20.5(at)14.1(e)12.5(d)-291.5(\()12.3(M)0(o)19.3(n)0(m)18.7(o)0(n)17.1(i)12(er)-280.5(20)17.1(0)13.7(1)0(\))15.6(.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 186.633 185.6693 Tm
(20)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 83.6787 167.8676 Tm
-.0128 Tc
[(T)-12.8(h)9.7(e)-217.6(f)-.5(o)-12.8(u)9.5(nd)-12.8(i)7.7(n).9(g)-221.5(f)-.5(athe)-12.8(r)6.7(s)-217.5(also)-221.5(had)-221.5(i)-.8(n)-216.4(m)-2.6(ind)-221.5(g).9(eo)-12.8(g)9.5(r)-.5(ap)-12.8(h)9.5(i)-.8(c-)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
-.0125 Tc
[(b)-12.5(a)8.5(sed)-376.4(acco)-12.5(u)9.8(n)1.2(ta)-12.5(b)8.5(ility)-371.2(b)-12.5(e)8.5(tw)-12.5(e)9.2(e)0(n)-376.4(c)0(ons)-12.5(t)6.9(ituen)-12.5(t)8(s)-372.4(an)-12.5(d)-362.7(t)-.5(heir)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(r)12.3(e)0(p)21(r)12.3(e)12.5(s)0(e)19.8(n)13.7(t)12(a)12.5(ti)39.5(v)24.1(e)12.5(s)-391(i)12(n)-389.8(c)0(o)21(n)13.7(ce)19.7(p)13.7(t)12(ua)21(l)12(i)12(z)12.5(i)12(n)0(g)-381.2(t)12(h)13.7(e)-391.1(m)10.2(a)12.5(ni)20.5(p)13.7(u)13.7(l)12(at)19.3(i)12(o)13.7(n)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(of)-382.7(d)13.7(i)12(s)12.5(t)12(r)12.3(i)12(ct)19.3(s)12.5(.)-391.5(H)14.4(a)0(m)22.6(i)12(lt)18.8(o)13.7(n)-389.8(i)12(n)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
10.1808 0 TD
[(Fe)21.2(de)21(r)12.5(a)13.7(l)12(i)12(s)0(t)-410(6)0(1)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
5.8509 0 TD
-.0127 Tc
[(justif)9.9(i)-12.7(e)6.6(s)-434.7(t)-.7(he)]TJ
-16.0317 -1.1795 TD
-.0125 Tc
[(U)-12.5(.)8.8(S.)-347.1(C)-12.5(o)10.2(n)-12.5(s)8.6(titutio)-12.5(n)9.8()51.5(s)-351.7(A)1.9(rtic)-12.5(l)6.8(e)-346.6(1,)-352.2(sectio)-12.5(n)-336.8(4)-350.6(pro)6.4(v)1.2(isio)-12.5(n)-336.8(t)-.5(o)]TJ
T*
-.0123 Tc
[(a)-12.3(l)7(ter)-362.2(r)0(e)10.5(g)-12.3(u)10(l)-.3(atio)-12.3(n)10(s)-361.9(o)-12.3(n)-352.2(the)-367.1(p)1.4(lac)-12.3(e)-354.7(and)-365.9(time)-362(o)1.4(f)-362.2(C)-12.3(o)10.4(n)-12.3(g)10(r)0(es-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0126 Tc
[(sio)-12.6(n)9.7(al)-243.7(elec)-12.6(t)6.7(i)-.6(ons)-243.2(as)-243.2(a)-238.1(l)-.6(as)-12.6(t)-231.2(r)-.3(es)-12.6(o)8.5(r)-.3(t)-238.6(o)-12.6(n)-228.3(t)-.6(h)-12.6(e)-229.6(b)-12.6(a)8.4(sis)-243.2(t)-.6(hat)-243.7(s)-.1(tates)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(migh)-12.7(t)-323.2(t)-.7(ry)-330.1(to)-330.1(shu)-12.7(t)-323.2(out)-331.8(v)11.4(o)-12.7(t)7.8(e)-.2(rs)-331.3(v)-12.7(i)7.8(a)-331.3(l)-.7(ong)-330.1(d)-12.7(i)7.8(stan)-12.7(c)8.3(e)-.2(s)-331.3(fro)-12.7(m)]TJ
21.8204 59.088 TD
[(resid)-12.7(e)8.3(nc)-12.7(i)6.6(e)-.2(s)-517.5(t)-.7(o)-516.3(t)-.7(he)-522.7(place)-522.7(of)-517.8(an)-516.3(ele)-12.7(c)7(tion)-12.7(.)-509.4(Hamilto)-12.7(n)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(wr)-12.5(i)6.6(t)-.5(es)-538(su)-12.5(c)8.5(h)-536.8(man)-12.5(i)8(pu)-12.5(l)8(a)0(tion)-542(i)-.5(s)-538(p)1.2(r)-12.5(e)7(sen)-12.5(t)-530()118.7([W]h)-12.5(e)8.5(n)-536.8(th)-12.5(e)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0129 Tc
[(plac)-12.9(e)-412.2(o).8(f)-424.8(a)-.4(n)-418.2(e)-.4(l)-12.9(e)6.4(ction)-423.4(i)-.9(s)-419.4(a)-.4(t)-425.1(a)-.4(n)-418.2(i)-.9(n)-12.9(c)8.1(on)26.7(v)11.2(e)-.4(nie)-12.9(n)8.1(t)-419.9(d)-12.9(i)7.6(s)-.4(tanc)-12.9(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
-.0128 Tc
[(from)-426.8(t)-.8(he)-424.5(elect)-12.8(o)7.7(r)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
6.7562 0 TD
0 Tc
(.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.1536 0 TD
[(wh)23(et)19.3(h)13.7(e)12.5(r)-411.9(t)12(h)13.7(e)-411.7(d)13.7(i)12(st)19.3(a)12.5(n)13.7(ce)-399.3(be)-398(t)12(w)0(e)21.7(n)0(t)20.5(y)]TJ
-7.9098 -1.1847 TD
[(m)15.4(i)0(l)18.8(e)12.5(s)-287.5(o)13.7(r)-287.8(t)0(w)21.3(e)12.5(nt)20.5(y)-286.3(t)12(ho)22.3(u)13.7(s)12.5(an)21(d)-286.3(m)10.2(i)12(l)12(e)12.5(s.)81.5()131.2()]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 454.6204 677.8203 Tm
-.0172 Tc
(21)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 322.8094 660.0187 Tm
0 Tc
[(From)-312(this)-317.1(historical)-314.6(e)17.6(vidence)-297.5(we)-314.5(f)12.3(ind)-317.5(that)-312(TDPs)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(were)-279.5(once)-278.8(all)-279.1(part)-280.7(of)-279.2(a)-277.2(greater)-284.9(whole)-275.1(used)-283.8(to)-274.3(repre-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(sent)-254.5(political)-249.8(communities)-258.2(and)-249.8(connect)-256.1(constituents)]TJ
T*
[(to)-398.5(their)-403.2(representati)15.7(ve)10.6(s.)-404.8(Upon)-399.7(leg)12.3(islati)16(ve)-392.9(recess,)-404.8(a)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(representati)15.7(ve)-434.2(could)-446.6(con)29.5(ve)10.6(niently)-448.4(hear)-445.8(from)-448.2(their)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(constituents)-514.6(by)-515.7(heading)-513.5(to)-512.3(their)-517(county)-510.4(or)-517.2(to)20.5(wn)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(seat.)-223.1(In)-217.2(the)-220.5(e)17.6(v)13.7(ent)-225.7(that)-218.9(they)-212(represented)-222.1(se)19.8(veral)-211.3(coun-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ties)-344.2(due)-337.8(to)-341.6(the)-344.7(population)-340(of)-341.3(each)-347.3(county)-339.7(not)-343.4(war-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ranting)-489.6(their)-496.3(o)24.1(w)0(n)-494.3(representati)15.7(v)13.7(e)0(,)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 461.0833 561.2597 Tm
(22)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 474.6896 556.3841 Tm
[(then)-491.3(it)-493.3(would)]TJ
-14.9505 -1.1795 TD
[(merely)-268.4(be)-268.7(a)-266.9(day)52.1(s)-272(tra)10.8(ve)10.6(l)-267.4(from)-267.1(county)-272.5(seat)-266.1(to)-269.2(county)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(seat)-286.8(\(Stephan)-294.1(1971\),)-288.1(an)-284.2(easy)-290.3(enough)-291.4(task)-285.6(gi)20.5(ven)-280.9(the)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(long)-298.6(legislati)28.3(ve)-289.4(recesses.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(In)-439.6(the)-448.1(modern)-441.3(day)60.6(,)-443.2(this)-446.4(concept)-447.5(of)-444.8(con)34.7(venient)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(tra)10.8(ve)10.6(l)-257(distance)-255.7(is)-254.8(kno)20.5(wn)-251.2(as)-254.4(functional)-254.8(compactness,)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0094 Tc
[(whereby)-525.2(d)-2.7(ist)-4.5(r)1(icts)-526.4(are)-526.5(d)-2.7(ra)9.4(wn)-525.2(t)-4.5(o)-520.1(minimi)-4.5(ze)-526.5(tra)9.4(v)9.4(e)-3.7(l)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0113 Tc
[(times)-421.1(betw)5.1(een)-425(a)3.1(ll)-421.6(parts)-421.1(o)-.8(f)-421.3(a)-421.1(district)-421.6(\(F)4.6(re)11.3(yer)-426.5(a)3.1(nd)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0119 Tc
[(Ho)4.9(ld)4.9(en)-434.8(20)4.9(11;)-436.5(Mon)4.9(m)1.4(on)4.9(ier)-441.4(2)4.9(00)4.9(1\).)-441.7(A).5(ltho)4.9(u)-.2(g)4.9(h)-440(su)4.9(ch)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0092 Tc
[(a)-299.1(m)9.2(e)-9.5(a)1(s)-4.1(u)-2.9(re)-299.1(is)-299(supe)-4.2(rior)-294.1(t)-4.7(o)-297.8(shape-)-4.4(ba)-4.2(se)-4.2(d)-292.6(c)-4.2(om)9.2(p)-8.3(a)-4.2(ctnes)-4.1(s)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.0113 Tc
[(wh)4.3(en)-202.6(attempting)-202.6(t)2.6(o)-202.6(a)-2.1(d)4.3(h)-.8(ere)-203.9(t)2.6(o)-202.6(t)2.6(he)-203.9(fou)4.3(ndin)4.3(g)-202.6(in)4.3(tent)-199.2(of)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.01 Tc
[(TDPs,)-371.1(i)1.3(t)-371.2(a)-3.4(lone)-370.7(does)-370.6(not)-371.2(p)3(reserv)10(e)-372.5(t)1.3(he)-370.7(consti)-3.9(tuent-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.008 Tc
[(re)-5.4(pr)-5.6(es)-5.3(en)-4.1(tat)-5.9(i)20(v)8(e)-565.9(li)-5.9(nk)-4.1(.)-564.5(F)-3.9(urt)-5.9(h)1(e)-5.4(r)30.6(,)-564.5(B)-3.7(o)8(w)8(e)-3.1(n)-568(\()-.4(2)-4.1(0)1(1)-4.1(4)1(\))-569.5(a)-.2(n)-4.1(d)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0082 Tc
[(Eng)-3.9(s)0(tr)-5.4(om)-452.4(\(2)-3.9(00)-3.9(5b)-3.9(\))-450.3(f)8.2(in)-3.9(d)-448.8(t)-.5(h)-3.9(a)0(t)-450.6(n)1.2(e)-5.2(i)-.5(t)-5.7(h)1.2(e)-5.2(r)-445.1(c)-5.2(o)1.2(mp)-3.9(ac)-5.2(tn)-3.9(es)-5.1(s)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
0 Tc
[(n)13.7(o)0(r)-408.6(p)13.7(re)19.5(se)14.6(r)12.3(v)0(i)20.5(n)0(g)-407.1(l)12(oc)15.8(a)12.5(l)-412.2(bo)17.1(un)22.3(da)15.8(r)12.3(i)0(e)19.3(s)-416.8(a)12.5(f)27.8(f)12.3(e)0(c)14.6(t)12(s)-416.8(t)12(he)-403.2(kn)17.1(o)34.4(w)0(l)16.1(-)]TJ
T*
[(e)12.5(d)0(g)17.1(e)-499.7(o)13.7(f)-499.9(co)21(ns)15.9(t)12(i)0(t)18.8(u)0(e)21(n)0(t)20.5(s)-499.6(in)-486.4(re)24.7(g)13.7(a)0(r)19.5(d)0(s)-491.1(t)12(o)-498.4(t)0(h)20.5(e)0(i)19.3(r)-499.9(r)12.3(e)0(p)15.8(r)12.3(es)14.6(e)12.5(n)0(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(t)12(a)0(t)19.3(i)27.5(v)24.1(e)0(s)14.6(.)-484.6(Ad)17.8(di)20.5(ti)18.8(on)17.1(a)12.5(l)0(l)18.8(y)70.6(,)-484.6(c)0(o)15.8(u)0(n)22.3(t)0(i)18.8(e)0(s)-482(a)12.5(nd)-479.5(to)41.2(wn)17.8(s)-489.3(m)10.2(us)21.1(t)-489.8(b)0(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(r)12.3(o)0(u)17.1(t)12(in)20.5(el)19.3(y)-286.3(s)12.5(pl)15.4(i)12(t)-282.9(i)12(n)-286.3(or)20.8(de)21(r)-287.8(t)12(o)-281.2(p)0(r)15.6(e)12.5(se)19.8(rv)26(e)-282.4(e)0(q)21(u)0(a)15.8(l)-282.9(po)22.3(pu)17.1(l)12(a)0(t)19.3(i)0(o)20.5(n)0(.)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(Co)22.7(un)17.1(t)12(i)0(e)19.3(s)-323.7(in)-310.5(ur)15.6(b)13.7(a)0(n)-315.3(a)0(r)19.5(e)0(a)19.7(s)0(,)-311.7(n)0(u)17.1(m)10.2(be)21(ri)19.1(ng)-314(i)12(n)-322.5(th)20.5(e)-323.8(m)10.2(il)18.8(li)18.8(on)22.3(s,)]TJ
ET
q
1 i
310.847 294.52 m
537.959 294.52 l
537.959 77.216 l
310.847 77.216 l
W n
0 0 0 RG
1 J 1 j .454 w 10 M []0 d
q 1 0 0 1 310.847 294.406 cm 0 0 m
311.471 0 l
S
Q
Q
BT
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 280.4031 Tm
(17)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 276.4345 Tm
[(Letters)-307.6(from)-297.4(the)-302.2(Federal)-303.6(Farmer,)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
13.8788 0 TD
[(October)-302.2(9,)-299.6(1787.)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 270.4818 Tm
(18)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 266.4566 Tm
[(Federalist)-305.1(No.)-303.8(14)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.4421 0 TD
[(\(Hamilton,)-307(Madison)-302.1(and)-298.1(Jay)-299.3(1788,)-304.5(62\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 260.5038 Tm
(19)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 256.5353 Tm
[(States)-306.9(like)-305.7(Ne)14.2(w)-300(Hampshire)-312.3(did)-299.7(this)-304.5(so)-284.7(well)-309(that)-305.7(the)-302.2(state)-308.8(as-)]TJ
-.7461 -1.1128 TD
[(sembly)-375(had)-367.7(very)-363.5(little)-373.7(to)-376.1(le)13.5(gislate)-368.8(gi)22.2(v)13.1(e)0(n)-374.5(that)-375.2(the)-371.7(to)22.2(wns)-376.1(could)]TJ
T*
[(go)13.6(vern)-597.4(almost)-606.6(entirely)-603.6(independently;)-610.9(state)-606(representati)15.7(v)13.1(e)0(s)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(were)-502(merely)-505.2(delegates)-495(to)-502.6(perform)-509.9(rare)-501.3(jobs)-502.8(that)-501.7(the)-504.5(to)15.9(wns)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(could)-301.2(not)-299.7(\(Daniell)-303.4(1970;)-298.8(Kromko)18.8(wski)-303.7(2002,)-298.1(94\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 210.6708 Tm
(20)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 206.7023 Tm
[(It)-328.1(was)-327.9(after)-334.1(the)-327.4(1812)-326.8(gerrymander)-329.4(that)-331(states)-328.5(began)-318.5(to)-306.5(write)]TJ
-.7461 -1.1128 TD
[(TDPs)-241.2(into)-240(their)-238.2(state)-245.6(constitutions.)-242.8(These)-243.7(states)-239.9(include)-243.4(Missis-)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(sippi)-518.9(\(1817\),)-523.7(Missouri)-522(\(1821\),)-523.7(T)63.9(ennessee)-526.6(\(1835\),)-517.4(Michigan)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(\(1837\),)-213.9(Io)23.7(wa)-213.4(\(1846\),)-213.9(Ne)20.5(w)-217.8(Y)104.7(ork)-209.8(\(1848\),)-213.9(W)30.2(isconsin)-217.6(\(1848\),)-207.5(K)16.1(en-)]TJ
T*
[(tucky)-326.5(\(1850\),)-340.3(California)-338.1(\(1850\),)-340.3(Indiana)-343.2(\(1851\),)-334(Ohio)-340.5(\(1851\),)]TJ
T*
[(Massachusetts)-554.3(\(1857\),)-555.3(and)-551(Minnesota)-554.1(\(1859\))-558.7(\(Kromko)23(wski)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(2002,)-234.9(352351\).)-235.6(The)-234.7(practice)-237.7(of)-235.6(writing)-235.9(TDPs)-241.2(into)-233.7(state)-239.2(consti-)]TJ
0 -1.1128 TD
[(tutions)-307(further)-301.7(continued)-312(after)-302.5(the)-308.5(Apportionment)-308.4(Act)-305.5(of)-305.1(1842)]TJ
T*
[(shrunk)-336(the)-333.8(size)-343.2(of)-330.4(the)-340.1(U.S.)-335.5(House)-339.6(of)-336.7(Representati)19.9(ves,)-327.5(making)]TJ
T*
[(it)-418.1(all)-413.7(but)-407.2(impossible)-420.2(to)-420.4(represent)-417.9(single)-419.7(counties)-421.2(in)-414(the)-416(U.S.)]TJ
0 -1.1065 TD
[(House)-301.6(\(Kromko)23(wski)-303.7(2002,)-298.1(3513\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 101.0834 Tm
(21)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 97.1149 Tm
[(Hamilton,)-304.9(Madison)-302.1(and)-298.1(Jay)-305.6(\(1788,)-300.3(299\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 310.8472 91.1621 Tm
(22)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 317.5369 87.137 Tm
[(Such)-207.7(was)-201.5(the)-207.3(case)-202.5(for)-206.1(the)-201(more)-202.6(rural)-205.2(and)-203.3(western)-208.5(parts)-203.8(of)-197.6(most)]TJ
-.7461 -1.1065 TD
[(states)-303.2(in)-300.2(1789.)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
9.9626 0 0 9.9626 71.7165 749.3668 Tm
[(REDISTRICTING)-306.1(OUT)-304.7(REPRESENTATION)-25198.5(333)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
114 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10.959 0 0 10.959 74.0976 485.2345 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(mu)18.7(st)-425.5(be)-423.9(s)12.5(p)0(l)15.4(i)12(t)12(.)-432.9(Th)17.3(er)19.5(ef)19.5(or)15.6(e)12.5(,)-432.9(in)-424.4(up)22.3(da)15.8(t)12(i)0(n)20.5(g)-436.3(h)13.7(o)29.2(w)-435.6(w)0(e)-423.2(u)0(s)21.1(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(TD)18(Ps)-294.2(to)-295(de)15.8(t)12(e)0(r)19.5(m)10.2(in)15.4(e)-282.4(v)0(i)20.5(o)0(l)20.5(a)0(t)19.3(i)0(o)20.5(n)0(s)-294.5(o)0(f)-294.8(p)0(o)17.1(l)12(it)18.8(ic)19.3(al)-296.3(co)21(mm)15.2(u)13.7(n)0(i)15.4(-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ti)18.8(es)-461.3(a)12.5(n)0(d)-458.8(t)12(he)-460.1(co)21(ns)15.9(t)12(i)12(t)0(u)15.4(e)12.5(nt)20.5(-r)19.3(ep)15.8(r)12.3(e)0(s)14.6(e)12.5(nt)20.5(at)19.3(i)27.5(v)18.9(e)-463.5(l)0(i)18.8(n)0(k)17.1(a)12.5(ge)15.8(,)-463.9(w)0(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ne)15.8(e)12.5(d)-482.9(a)-479(u)0(n)17.1(i)12(t)-479.5(t)12(ha)15.8(t)-479.5(c)0(a)19.7(p)0(t)20.5(u)0(r)15.6(e)12.5(s)-478.9(f)0(u)15.6(n)13.7(ct)14.1(i)12(o)0(n)22.3(a)0(l)-472.2(c)0(o)15.8(m)10.2(p)13.7(a)0(c)14.6(t)12(ne)21(ss)14.7(,)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(lo)15.4(c)12.5(a)0(l)-456.7(b)0(o)17.1(u)13.7(nd)17.1(a)12.5(r)0(i)19.1(e)0(s)14.6(,)-463.9(a)12.5(n)0(d)-458.8(c)12.5(om)18.7(m)10.2(u)0(n)17.1(i)12(ty)-455.4(in)-455.4(t)12(h)0(e)-439.4(w)0(a)21.7(y)-467.4(t)12(h)0(a)15.8(t)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(co)15.8(un)22.3(ti)18.8(es)-280.2(or)15.6(i)12(g)0(i)20.5(n)0(a)15.8(l)12(l)12(y)-291.5(di)20.5(d)-291.5(a)0(t)-280.8(t)0(h)20.5(e)-292.8(na)21(ti)18.8(on)17.1()64(s)-292.7(f)12.3(o)0(u)17.1(n)13.7(di)20.5(ng)17.1(.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 -2.3641 TD
[(ZIP)-301.3(Codes)-305.9(and)-300.3(the)-298.1(constituent-representative)-312(link)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
1.0915 -1.7744 TD
[(ZIP)-503(Codes)-502.5(serv)9.6(e)-499.7(the)-505(same)-500.7(functional)-503.1(purpose)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(as)-435.4(counties)-430.3(did)-431.3(in)-434.7(1789.)-429.7(The)-430.7(U.S.)-433.8(Postal)-430.3(Service)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(\(USPS\))-208.8(established)-212.3(ZIP)-208.2(Codes)-207.6(in)-207.1(order)-209.8(to)-207.1(ef)19.5(f)12.3(iciently)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(deli)19.1(ver)-256.4(mail)-263.8(follo)22.3(wing)-266.9(the)-261.9(rise)-266.3(of)-263.7(b)13.7(ulk)-265.8(mail)-263.8(enabled)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(by)-345(the)-349.8(creation)-349(of)-341.3(national)-348(highways.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 242.3055 328.1952 Tm
(23)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 254.3243 323.3196 Tm
[(The)-347.9(USPS)]TJ
-16.4455 -1.1795 TD
[(designs)-411.2(ZIP)-409.9(Codes)-409.4(centered)-410.7(around)-411.9(postal)-409.9(of)20.8(f)12.3(ices)]TJ
T*
.0114 Tc
[(and)-352.5(d)-.7(ra)11.4(ws)-353.7(bou)4.4(nd)4.4(aries)-358.9(t)2.7(o)-357.7(m).9(aximize)-359(t)2.7(he)-353.8(ef)23.7(f)11.4(i)-.6(cienc)11.4(y)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
.0104 Tc
[(of)-448.1(mail)-448.4(deli)10.4(v)20.6(e)-3(ry)65.5(.)-448.3(T)-1.6(he)-447.9(need)-446.6(to)-451.8(ef)22.7(f)10.4(i)-1.6(cientl)-3.5(y)-446.6(d)3.4(eli)10.4(v)20.6(er)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
.011 Tc
[(mail)-282.2(constrain)4(s)-281.7(ZIP)-280.2(C)-.7(od)4(es)-281.7(b)4(y)-280.5(geography)-280.5(and)-280.5(p)4(op-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
0 Tc
[(u)-12.1(l)-8.7(a)-13.4(t)-8.7(i)-8.7(o)-12.1(n)-12.1(,)-536.3(wi)16.1(t)12(h)-519.1(th)20.5(e)-520.4(m)10.2(ed)15.8(i)12(a)0(n)-511.8(a)0(t)-508.4(2)0(,)20.6(9)0(6)17.1(0)-519.1(pe)21(op)17.1(l)12(e)0(,)-513.5(t)12(hr)20.8(ee)14.6(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(qu)17.1(ar)19.5(t)12(e)0(r)14.4(s)-246.1(un)22.3(de)15.8(r)-246.4(1)0(5)17.1(,)12(00)22.3(0,)-238.1(an)15.8(d)-244.9(o)0(n)17.1(l)12(y)-250.1(1)0(0)-236.4(e)17.6(x)13.7(c)0(e)14.6(e)12.5(di)15.4(n)13.7(g)-250.1(a)-246.2(l)0(i)18.8(t)0(t)18.8(l)12(e)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
-.0196 Tc
[(ove)-19.6(r)-207(1)-19.6(00)-19.6(,0)-19.6(00)-19.6(.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 132.7181 237.5432 Tm
0 Tc
(24)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 142.9795 232.6676 Tm
[(Fi)20.8(gu)17.1(r)12.3(e)-199.6(1)-193.2(d)0(e)15.8(m)10.2(on)22.3(st)19.4(ra)14.4(t)12(e)0(s)-187.1(t)0(h)20.5(e)-199.6(po)22.3(pu)17.1(l)12(a)0(t)19.3(i)0(o)20.5(n)]TJ
-6.2854 -1.1795 TD
[(di)15.4(s)12.5(t)0(r)19.1(i)0(b)30.9(u)0(t)20.5(i)0(o)15.4(n)-301.8(fo)15.6(r)-303.3(Z)0(I)15.8(P)-301.6(Co)17.5(de)21(s)-308.2(i)0(n)-295(2)0(0)17.1(1)0(0)22.3(.)-308.7(As)-293.8(ca)14.6(n)-301.8(b)0(e)-299.7(s)12.5(ee)14.6(n,)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(th)15.4(e)12.5(r)0(e)-275.3(i)12(s)-282.3(n)13.7(o)-281.1(Z)0(I)15.8(P)-280.9(Co)22.7(de)-273.9(t)12(h)0(a)15.8(t)-277.7(ri)19.1(se)14.6(s)-277.2(a)0(b)15.8(o)24.1(v)18.9(e)-282.4(t)12(h)0(e)-273.9(p)0(o)22.3(p)0(u)17.1(l)12(at)19.3(io)20.5(n)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(of)-243(a)-246.2(c)0(o)15.8(n)0(g)22.3(r)0(e)19.5(s)0(s)14.7(i)12(on)17.1(a)12.5(l)-251.8(d)13.7(i)0(s)19.3(t)0(r)19.1(i)0(c)19.3(t)0(,)-239.8(a)0(n)15.8(d)-250.1(t)12(h)0(e)-237.7(m)0(e)17.5(d)0(i)20.5(a)0(n)-242.8(Z)0(I)21(P)-249.8(Co)17.5(de)]TJ
T*
[(fa)14.4(l)12(l)12(s)-354.8(wi)16.1(t)12(h)0(i)20.5(n)-353.6(a)-354.8(0)0(.)20.6(0)0(5)-345(p)13.7(er)14.4(c)12.5(e)0(n)15.8(t)-350.1(po)17.1(p)13.7(u)0(l)20.5(a)0(t)14.1(i)12(on)-345(d)13.7(e)28(vi)20.5(at)19.3(io)20.5(n)-353.6(f)0(o)20.8(r)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(th)15.4(e)-256.6(a)17.6(v)24.1(e)0(r)14.4(a)12.5(ge)-253.2(c)12.5(o)0(n)17.1(g)13.7(re)14.4(s)12.5(s)0(i)19.3(o)0(n)17.1(a)12.5(l)-262.2(d)13.7(is)19.3(tr)19.1(ic)19.3(t)-262.2(p)13.7(op)17.1(ul)20.5(at)19.3(io)20.5(n.)-248.4(Th)17.3(e)12.5(r)0(e)14.4(-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(fo)15.6(r)12.3(e)0(,)-415.2(Z)0(I)15.8(P)-425.7(Co)17.5(d)13.7(e)0(s)-419.9(a)12.5(dh)17.1(e)12.5(r)0(e)-420.2(t)12(o)-426(f)0(u)20.8(n)0(c)15.8(t)12(io)20.5(na)15.8(l)-422.6(c)0(o)15.8(m)10.2(pa)21(ct)19.3(ne)15.8(s)12.5(s)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(an)15.8(d)-322.5(c)0(o)15.8(n)13.7(st)19.3(ra)14.4(i)12(n)0(e)21(d)-327.7(p)13.7(o)0(p)17.1(u)0(l)20.5(a)0(t)19.3(i)0(o)20.5(n)-327.7(i)12(n)-327.7(o)13.7(r)0(d)15.6(e)12.5(r)-324(t)0(o)-315.7(a)0(c)14.6(h)13.7(ie)40(v)18.9(e)-323.8(ea)14.6(s)12.5(e)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(of)-284.4(c)12.5(o)0(m)18.7(m)10.2(un)17.1(i)12(c)0(a)19.7(t)0(i)18.8(o)0(n)17.1(.)]TJ
1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(ZIP)-435.8(Codes)-435.2(furthermore)-437(often)-432.5(adhere)-435.1(to)-429.5(county)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(boundaries,)-400.9(crossing)-398.9(county)-401.8(lines)-397.7(only)-396.9(when)-400.9(mail)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(ef)19.5(ficienc)14.9(y)-219.1(necessitates)-228.1(keeping)-223.8(houses)-221.4(within)-222.2(a)-220.3(con-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(venient)-318.7(distance)-328.1(of)-325.8(a)-323.8(post)-325.7(of)20.8(f)12.3(ice.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 220.6487 82.148 Tm
(25)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 232.4409 77.2724 Tm
[(The)-322.1(boundaries)]TJ
7.3718 37.2261 TD
[(of)-232.7(ZIP)-228.9(Codes)-233.5(themselv)11.1(es)-233.7(are)-231.8(updated)-234.2(as)-228.5(ne)15.8(w)-228.7(houses)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(are)-387(buil)10(t,)-389.8(with)-387.6(the)-386(Census)-391.7(geographic)-387.1(information)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(system)-433.6(\(GIS\))-436.6(information)-436.2(prov)12(ided)-439.6(for)-432.5(ZIP)-435.8(Code)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(boundaries)-433.6(kno)20.5(wn)-432.3(as)-430.3(ZIP)-430.6(Code)-432.2(T)76(abulation)-422.3(Areas)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(\(ZCT)80.1(As\).)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 355.2377 438.2928 Tm
(26)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 367.4834 433.4172 Tm
[(In)-372.4(re)9.2(gards)-369.9(to)-367.4(compactness,)-377.5(ZIP)-368.5(Codes)]TJ
-4.9507 -1.1795 TD
[(essentially)-296.8(follo)22.3(w)-290.8(the)-292.9(method)-296.7(designed)-294.1(by)-288.1(counties)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(to)-408.8(keep)-408.1(people)-392.7(within)-408.4(a)-411.8(suf)23(ficient)-404.6(distance)-410.9(of)-408.6(the)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(county)-303.5(seat,)-305.9(though)-297.1(with)-304.8(postal)-306.4(of)20.8(f)12.3(ices)-302.4(instead.)-307.8(W)72.7(e)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(posit)-282.7(that)-286.1(di)20.5(viding)-283.3(ZIP)-280.6(Codes)-285.2(across)-286.2(districts)-286.9(alien-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(ates)-343.7(indi)20.4(viduals)-339.3(from)-339.6(their)-341.1(congressional)-344.9(represen-)]TJ
T*
[(tati)17.4(v)13.7(e)-473.8(and)-467.1(robs)-470.3(constituents)-478.4(of)-465.5(the)-474(kno)20.5(wledge)-469.6(of)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(their)-222.1(representati)10.6(v)13.7(e)-225.5(necessary)-226.9(to)-212.3(vo)11.9(te)-203.2(wisely)-228.1(in)-222.6(elec-)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
(tions.)Tj
1.0915 -1.1847 TD
[(Splitting)-443.6(ZIP)-441(Codes)-440.4(erodes)-445.4(the)-442.9(connection)-444.3(be-)]TJ
-1.0915 -1.1795 TD
[(tween)-379.8(congressional)-386.3(incumbents)-380.5(and)-379.1(their)-382.5(constit-)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(uencies)-526.3(through)-528(structural)-531.7(mailing)-524.4(inef)19.4(f)12.3(iciencies.)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(The)-301.4(common)-303.7(method)-301.9(by)-303.6(which)-301(representati)10.6(v)13.7(e)0(s)-306.1(can)]TJ
0 -1.1847 TD
[(reach)-531.6(out)-529.6(to)-527.8(all)-527.4(of)-527.5(their)-532.5(constituents)-530.1(is)-529(through)]TJ
0 -1.1795 TD
[(mass)-273(bu)11.9(lk)-274.3(mail)-274.1(via)-272.2(their)-273.9(franking)-273.8(pri)17.3(vileg)12.1(e.)]TJ
8.2191 0 0 7.3052 504.5101 256.9889 Tm
(27)Tj
10.959 0 0 10.959 515.7353 252.1133 Tm
[(Ho)23(w-)]TJ
-18.4786 -1.1795 TD
[(e)17.6(v)13.7(er)29.9(,)-381.1(b)0(u)11.9(l)0(k)-383(mail)-377.6(requires)-384.9(that)-379.2(mail)-382.8(be)-382.5(presorted)-381.5(by)]TJ
ET
q
1 i
157.039 724.082 m
457.512 724.082 l
457.512 526.734 l
157.039 526.734 l
W n
q
300.931 0 0 197.348 157.039 526.734 cm
/Im1 Do
Q
Q
BT
/F2 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 216.2267 510.2928 Tm
[(FIG.)-303.2(1.)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
4.0846 0 TD
[(ZIP)-296.7(Code)-302.4(population)-300.5(distribution,)-292.8(2010.)]TJ
ET
q
1 i
313.228 214.809 m
540.397 214.809 l
540.397 77.216 l
313.228 77.216 l
W n
0 0 0 RG
1 J 1 j .454 w 10 M []0 d
q 1 0 0 1 313.228 214.696 cm 0 0 m
311.471 0 l
S
Q
Q
BT
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 200.7496 Tm
-.0195 Tc
(23)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 319.6913 196.7244 Tm
-.0146 Tc
[(ZIPbo)4.9(undary)61.8(.c)-14.6(o)15.6(m)-14.6(.)-191.3(2)-1.5(0)4.9(16.)-200.9()128.7()2.3(ZIP)-202.4(C).1(ode)-199.9(F)69.5(A)52.1(Qs)3.7(.)58.4()128.7()]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
17.2805 0 TD
0 Tc
[(T)14.6(T)14.5(G)-186.2(I)0(n)30(c)0(o)30.2(r)0(p)25.1(o)19.5(ra)25.1(t)15.4(e)17(d)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.0817 0 TD
(.)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-25.083 -1.1065 TD
(<)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
.5627 0 TD
.0107 Tc
[(http)10.7(:)-5(//w)-4.8(ww)64.8(.zipb)10.7(o)-7.3(un)10.7(d)-7.3(a)2.4(ry)68.1(.)-4.9(c)2.4(om/zipcode_faqs.h)10.7(t)-11.3(ml)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
19.7844 0 TD
0 Tc
(>)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.0623 0 TD
.0086 Tc
[(\(a)-6(cc)-6(esse)-6(d)]TJ
-21.4094 -1.1128 TD
.0109 Tc
[(J)3.9(a)-3.7(nu)10.9(a)-9.5(r)2.5(y)-298.4(1)-1.3(6)10.9(,)-307.7(20)10.9(1)-7.1(8)-1.3(\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 170.8157 Tm
-.0279 Tc
(24)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 319.5779 166.8472 Tm
-.0193 Tc
[(U.S.)-243.5(Census)-247.6(Bureau.)-243.5(201)6.5(5a.)-243.5(Z).3(IP)-245(Code)-242.5(T)69.9(a)4.1(b)6.5(u).2(lation)-246.4(A)3.2(reas.)-243.5(F)1.6(eb)31.8(.)-243.5(9).2(.)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
-.7082 -1.1128 TD
0 Tc
(<)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
.5501 0 TD
[(https://www)56.4(.census.gov)10.3(/geo/reference/zctas.html)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
19.6769 0 TD
(>)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.2646 0 TD
(\(accessed)Tj
-21.4916 -1.1065 TD
[(Jan.)-302.2(14,)-299.1(2018\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 140.9385 Tm
-.0279 Tc
(25)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 319.5779 136.97 Tm
-.0194 Tc
[(ZIPboundary)63.3(.com.)-249.9(201)6.4(6.)-249.9()130.2()-2.5(ZIP)-245.1(C)-4.7(ode)-242.6(F)71(A)53.7(Qs)5.2(.)59.9()130.2()]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
17.3248 0 TD
[(TTG)-249.7(I)3.9(n).2(corpo)6.5(r)-1(ated)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
7.0501 0 TD
0 Tc
(.)Tj
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 130.9606 Tm
.0227 Tc
(26)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 320.3148 126.9921 Tm
.0199 Tc
[(U.S.)-400.3(Cen)-4.9(s).2(us)-398.1(Bureau.)-400.3(2)1.4(0)-4.9(15b)19.9(.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
12.5763 0 TD
.0194 Tc
[(ZIP)-397.2(C)-3.8(ode)-406.2(Tab)-5.4(u).9(lation)-403.7(Areas)]TJ
-13.3666 -1.1128 TD
.0205 Tc
(\(ZCTAs\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.5788 0 TD
.0202 Tc
[(,)-1089.2(F)3.1(ebruary)58.6(.)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
6.4241 0 TD
0 Tc
(<)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
.5754 0 TD
.0195 Tc
[(http)-5.3(s://www2.censu)-5.3(s.go)19.5(v)-11.1(/)3.3(g)-5.3(e)-1.4(o/p)-5.3(d)1(fs/)]TJ
-10.5782 -1.1065 TD
.0199 Tc
[(education/brochu)-4.9(res/Z)-4.7(C)3(T)83.8(A)-1.9(s.pd)-4.9(f)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
13.4931 0 TD
0 Tc
(>)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
.8726 0 TD
.0199 Tc
[(\(accessed)-302.1(J).2(an)-4.9(.)-299.2(15,)-299.2(2)-4.9(018\).)]TJ
6.7246 0 0 5.9768 313.2282 101.0834 Tm
0 Tc
(27)Tj
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 319.9747 97.1149 Tm
[(Chairman)-218.1(Gre)12.1(g)-220.8(Harper)52.8(.)-217.9(2018.)-215.9()130.7(House)-221.6(Administration:)-219.5(Frank-)]TJ
-.7524 -1.1128 TD
[(ing)-799.2(F)71.5(A)54.1(Q.)57.5()130.7()]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
5.4693 0 TD
[(Franking)-806.5(Commission)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
9.4717 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1.0496 0 TD
(<)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
.5501 0 TD
(https://cha.house.gov/)Tj
-16.5407 -1.1065 TD
(franking-commission/franking-faq)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
13.8661 0 TD
(>)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
.8473 0 TD
[(\(accessed)-309.8(Feb)32.1(.)-300.1(19,)-299.1(2018\).)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
9.9626 0 0 9.9626 74.0976 749.3668 Tm
(334)Tj
34.5644 0 TD
[(CURIEL)-305.8(AND)-304.3(STEELMAN)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
116 0 obj
<>stream
Adobe d C
s
s !1AQa"q2B#R3b$r%C4Scs5D'6Tdt&
EFVU(eufv7GWgw8HXhx)9IYiy*:JZjz ? Nlٳf͛6lٳd3̚o-:;wn! S<ٳf͛6lٳf͛Gx+V?-kJ-n
͛6lٳf͛6lٳaf_[jEۛ{٥(PȾC<ٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٱ
BN/$A!#KPvQ|7uu{-)M EC䎡7L&gM$=KLf͛6lٳf͛6lx)^i(vf͛6lٳf͛6lٰ],g>qVkR9alٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6l oe^ ; i ̟?w9 cR #'ٳf͛6lٳf͛6-F1 MGf͛6lٳf͛6lٰ]6\Qحk &jB69alٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6lٳf͛6l oe^ ; i ̟?w9 cR #'ٳf͛6lٳf͛6-J^pN&76lٳf͛6lٳf̈́z^`ng.WA[!NG,<͛6lٳf͛x RL#EY ˯Lk]:,W&Tb*-CL0}G~Q/MXގ$Oqrgf~ؾO/i[jvs]-hi pAnMƣۇ71D#!wUHd2:TG;6lٳ`kOMgrۑ4C}e=G%ſ^`]9KA7f͛6lٳf͛6l oe^ ; i ̟?t?6GcԿlٳf͛6lٳf̀lQf.L\Vq5f͛6lٳf͛6l"וd0/YV{x g Z%WqNU:݅sܻ?ٽf@|