{"id":14106,"date":"2019-10-17T16:44:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-17T20:44:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/resources\/whitewashing-representation\/"},"modified":"2024-07-10T15:58:17","modified_gmt":"2024-07-10T19:58:17","slug":"dai-dien-tay-trang","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/vi\/resources\/whitewashing-representation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea9y tr\u1eafng"},"template":"","class_list":["post-14106","resource","type-resource","status-publish","hentry","resource_type-report"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"Partisan operatives are trying to change how electoral districts are drawn, in a radical effort to undermine our representative democracy.","featured_image":"","resource_type":150,"authors":"","related_issues":[138,2066,103],"related_work":[188],"location":46},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":"","name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Partisan operatives are trying to change how electoral districts are drawn, in a radical effort to undermine our representative democracy. By law, electoral districts must have about the same number of people, and state leaders draw those boundaries based on total population counts. But a group of party leaders at the national and state level have been plotting to draw state legislative and congressional districts based solely on the citizen voting-age population (CVAP)\u2014a move that they believe would be advantageous to white voters and harm areas where more people of color, legal residents, immigrants and children live.\r\n\r\nThese secret efforts manifested in the Trump Administration\u2019s quest to whitewash our representation by demanding that the 2020 Census include a citizenship question. He abandoned that effort after a U.S. Supreme Court loss and instead issued an executive order demanding several federal agencies provide all their information \u2013 that is, administrative data \u2013 on citizenship status to the Census Bureau. He ordered the Bureau to combine this administrative data with data from the decennial census and the American Community Survey (ACS) in order to identify non-citizens residing in the United States. The Census Bureau plans to send the aggregate data to states for redistricting.\r\n\r\nIn recently revealed documents, Dr. Thomas Hofeller, the Republican gerrymandering strategist behind many of the most controversial gerrymandered maps, analyzed and concluded that basing redistricting on citizens aged 18 and over, would \u201cbe advantageous to Republicans and Non-Hispanic Whites.\u201d He recognized that this move away from using a count of the total U.S. population would be a \u201cradical departure from the federal \u2018one person, one vote\u2019 rule\u201d that underlies our representative democracy.\r\n\r\nHofeller stated creating this racial and partisan advantage by removing millions of American residents could only be achieved by collecting citizenship data at the census block level. (More information on the Hofeller Files found \u0111\u00e2y<\/a>.)\r\n\r\nUsing citizen voting age data to draw districts will exclude millions of young people and people of color, violates the Constitution and undermines the principles of equal representation that our country strives towards. Understanding the intricacies of what administrative data is, how it is used and what challenges can arise from its use in the 2020 Census gives advocates the tools to fight back."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o bao g\u1ed3m:<\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0110i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2020 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia sai l\u1ec7ch c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thomas Hofeller l\u00e0 "c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha".<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0110i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2020 v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng? G\u1eedi email cho Keshia Morris t\u1ea1i kmorris@commoncause.org<\/a> ho\u1eb7c Suzanne Almeida t\u1ea1i salmeida@commoncause.org.<\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 101<\/h2>\r\n

    Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 n\u00f3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u00ec?<\/h3>\r\nCu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 10 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh 10 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i "n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa" c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1ea1ng ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p do cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la li\u00ean bang."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    Th\u00f4ng tin th\u00eam v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/h3>\r\n \r\n\r\nT\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam<\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    Kh\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, nh\u00f3m kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 khu \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\r\nC\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1<\/a>, is a small geographical area bordered by visible features (such as roads, streets, streams and railroad tracks) and invisible features (such as property lines and boundaries for city, township, school district and county). In cities, census blocks can be thought of as a small city block, with streets binding it on all sides. In suburban areas, census blocks can look more irregular and spread out in area, and are bounded by streams, roads and other geographical limits. In more remote areas, census blocks can be a collection of hundreds of square miles of land. An article within a newspaper serves as a helpful analogy to imagine census blocks. Going from a small to wide frame, a newspaper has single articles, sections for different subjects and the entire newspaper itself. A census block is more like a single article, a collection of words bound to that article itself, and its size ranges from large to small. Census blocks are not delineated by their population size. Many census blocks do not have anyone living in them at all, but they generally range from a population of zero to several hundred people per census block. There are about 8.2 million total census blocks in the U.S. and Puerto Rico.\r\n\r\nThe next largest geography level involves nh\u00f3m kh\u1ed1i<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong C\u00f4ng b\u00e1o Li\u00ean bang<\/a> as \u201cstatistical geographic subdivisions of a census tract defined for the tabulation and presentation of data from the decennial census and selected other statistical programs.\u201d Block groups typically contain 600 to 3,000 people, or at least 240 housing units at minimum. Or they contain 1,200 housing units at maximum and are a collection of census blocks. Census block groups may not cross county or state lines, or their geographical equivalent. Block groups are analogous to the sections of a newspaper, which are a collection of articles confined to an area of the newspaper and based on specific subjects. These sections also vary in size, similar to how census blocks vary in size. The United States, including Puerto Rico, has 211,267 block groups.\r\n\r\nThe largest census geography level is known as a census tract. Tracts are county subdivisions, but they can cross city and town lines. These generally contain 1,000 to 8,000 people and are a collection of block groups. Census tracts are analogous to the newspaper itself. Newspapers vary in length, but they all have articles and sections nested within them.\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

    Th\u00f4ng tin th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1<\/h3>\r\nT\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam<\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 sau khi C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/h3>\r\nKhi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o m\u1eabu \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd m\u00e3 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nIt is then aggregated and run through additional privacy protection algorithms. By the end of the year in which the census is taken, the aggregate data must be sent to the president (for apportionment). By the following April, the aggregate data must be sent to the states (for redistricting).\r\n\r\nCensus data gathered during the census is used to determine which states gain or lose seats in the House (apportionment), votes in the Electoral College and to redraw congressional, legislative and local districts (redistricting). Census data is also used to allocate hundreds of billions of dollars in federal funding for services, such as health care, education and affordable housing. Businesses rely heavily on the data to make decisions about where to open stores based on population and demographics.\r\n

    Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\nApportionment \u2014 or the dividing of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the states, based on total population \u2014 is the primary purpose of the decennial census. The Census Bureau determines the final apportionment and delivers it to the president through the secretary of commerce. The president provides the final apportionment to Congress by December (and in the case of the 2020 Census, by December 31, 2020).\r\n\r\nTo create the final apportionment result, the Census Bureau receives, verifies and tallies the data to create a final resident population file. This file is combined with the count of feder\u00adally affiliated overseas residents (i.e., people who are stationed as military or independent contractors for the federal government). Apportionment calculation formulas are applied to these data and then validated to create the final apportionment results. These results are then independently verified and validated and then used to create the b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/a>, ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 theo t\u1eebng ti\u1ec3u bang, s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\r\n

    C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\nAfter each census, states use the aggregate popula\u00adtion data to draw legisla\u00adtive and congressional vot\u00ading districts with relatively equal populations. Federal law contains different equal population requirements for congressional districts and state legislative districts, but the equal population requirements in both cases are driven by what the U.S. Supreme Court has dubbed the \u201cone person, one vote\u201d principle.\r\n\r\n\u201cThe history of the Constitution, particularly that part of it relating to the adoption of Art. I, \u00a7 2, reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that, no matter what the mechanics of an election, whether statewide or by districts, it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives.\u201d \u2013Supreme Court in Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U. S. 9 (1964)\r\n\r\nAccording to the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) states can determine what data they use for redistricting. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ti\u1ec3u bang<\/a> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c "ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf" v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. S\u00e1u ti\u1ec3u bang cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 s\u00e1u ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed.\r\n

    Lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed?<\/h3>\r\nD\u01b0\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng 94-171<\/a>, the federal government must transmit population tabulation data obtained in the decennial census to each state for use in state legislative redistricting. Pop­ulation tabulations are summary tables with the racial, social and economic characteristics of the people who live in a geographic area. The levels of geography that Public Law 94-171 tabulations summarize range from census-defined geographies (e.g., census blocks, block groups and census tracts) to political geographies that states request (e.g., election precincts, wards, and state house and Senate districts).1\r\n\r\nThe law requires the Census Bureau to provide population data only down to the census block level, but since the start of the Census Redistricting Data Program for the 1980 Census, the Census Bureau has included summaries on larger racial groups,2 cross-tabulated by Hispanic\/ non-Hispanic origin and age (18 years old and over).3 The <strong>Lu\u1eadt Công 94-171 n\u0103m 2010<\/strong> d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tóm t\u1eaft c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m thông tin v\u1ec1 tình tr\u1ea1ng c\u01b0 trú c\u1ee7a nhà \u1edf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nhà \u1edf có b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng hay không và li\u1ec7u có ai thuê hay s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111ó hay không. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n tóm t\u1eaft này \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tính toán \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra dân s\u1ed1 khi có th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tính toán, theo yêu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a các c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp pháp ti\u1ec3u bang, cho các khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, ph\u01b0\u1eddng, và các khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec3u bang và Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_image","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_image":{"image":4029,"width":"medium"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Trump y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p kh\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c.\r\n\r\n(T\u00ecm th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong <\/span>t\u1eadp tin d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 <\/span>Lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng 94-171<\/a>.)<\/span>\r\n

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu?<\/h3>\r\nIn most states, citizenship data is not used in drawing maps, but is used to evaluate districts under the Voting Rights Act (VRA) by establishing the citizen voting age population (CVAP). CVAP is the number of people living in a specific area, such as a census block or congressional district, who are citizens aged 18 or older. That data is currently obtained from the American Community Survey (ACS).\r\n\r\nHistorically, CVAP data from the ACS has been used to determine the size and location of mi\u00adnority populations to ensure compliance with the VRA. Section 2 of the VRA prohibits states and political subdivisions from employing voting practices, standards and procedures that discriminate against any United States citizen on the basis of race, color or religion. Such dis\u00adcrimination includes the drawing of district lines in a manner that dilutes the political power of minority populations.\r\n\r\nTo establish that a districting plan violates Section 2, the minority group must demonstrate that the plan lacks one or more districts in which the minority group can elect its candidate of choice, despite the fact (1) that \u201cit is sufficiently large and geographically compact to con\u00adstitute a majority in a single-member district\u201d; (2) that it is \u201cpolitically cohesive\u201d; and (3) that \u201cthe white majority votes sufficiently as a bloc to enable it ... usually to defeat the minority\u2019s preferred candidate\u201d.4\r\n

    L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n?<\/h3>\r\nHi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 tu\u1ed5i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 "d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n") \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 (ACS). ACS do C\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2000, ACS \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng d\u00e0i b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi<\/a> with a questionnaire that goes to a smaller sampling of households on an annual basis. The ACS asks respondents about themselves and their communities, including questions about their jobs and occupations, educational attainment, veteran status and rent or home ownership status. Since its conception, the ACS has inquired about citizenship, and race by Hispanic\/ non-Hispanic origin.\r\n\r\n(Find more information on the Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>.)"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh 101<\/h2>\r\n

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/strong><\/h3>\r\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh\u201d, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. Trang web c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan<\/a> v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang, ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.\r\n

    S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1eeb ACS v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2020 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAdministrative records are data collected from federal agencies. It includes whatever infor\u00admation that agency collects from people who interact with it. It does not include information from people who have not interacted with the agency.\r\n\r\nIn contrast, the American Community Survey is a questionnaire that the Census Bureau sends to some households to get a picture of the general population. Unlike the official decennial census, the Census Bureau does not send the ACS questionnaire to every household in the United States. Instead, it sends a detailed questionnaire to a sample of households that have been randomly selected to represent a cross-section of the country -- about 1 in 38 house\u00adholds each year. This sample helps us understand the changes taking place across the nation.\r\n\r\nThe decennial census is special because it is a questionnaire that is administered to m\u1ed7i h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh <\/em><\/strong>\u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u00ec b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2020 (v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u00e0o) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ea3y th\u00e1ng<\/em><\/strong> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng quan r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3.\r\n

    MUA MANG V\u1ec0:<\/span> <\/strong>Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n?<\/h3>\r\nS\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Trump \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n sau:\r\n