{"id":11937,"date":"2021-10-28T10:22:07","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T14:22:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/resources\/as-a-matter-of-fact-the-harms-caused-by-election-disinformation-report\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T19:53:54","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T23:53:54","slug":"sa-katunayan-ang-mga-pinsalang-dulot-ng-ulat-ng-disinformation-sa-halalan","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/tl\/resources\/as-a-matter-of-fact-the-harms-caused-by-election-disinformation-report\/","title":{"rendered":"Bilang Isang Katotohanan: Ang Mga Kapinsalaan na Dulot ng Ulat ng Disinformation sa Halalan"},"template":"","class_list":["post-11937","resource","type-resource","status-publish","hentry","resource_type-report"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"Donald Trump\u2019s Big Lie is working, and we have to respond. Just as we came together last year, rising up to vote safely and securely in record numbers during a global pandemic, we must now rise up to stop election disinformation efforts in future elections.","featured_image":"","resource_type":150,"authors":"","related_issues":[133,2065,2066,110],"related_work":false,"location":46},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":"","name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Panimula<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Pahina 7\">\r\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\r\n<div class=\"column\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Sa America, anuman ang ating background, kulay, o zip code, pinahahalagahan natin ang ating kalayaan.<\/strong> Ang henerasyon pagkatapos ng henerasyon ay nakipaglaban para sa kalayaang magsalita sa mga desisyong makakaapekto sa ating buhay\u2014ang kalayaang ganap na makilahok sa ating bansa. Ngunit sa mga nakalipas na taon, ang isang maliit na paksyon ay lalong naging bihasa sa pagpapakalat ng mga kasinungalingan tungkol sa ating mga halalan, mga kasinungalingan na nagta-target sa mga komunidad ng Itim at iba pang mga komunidad ng kulay upang sugpuin ang kanilang mga boto, <strong>mga kasinungalingan na nagbunsod ng nakamamatay na pag-atake sa ating Kapitolyo noong Enero 2021 para guluhin ang mapayapang paglilipat ng kapangyarihan, mga kasinungalingang nagbabantang supilin ang mga boto at sisira ang kumpiyansa ng publiko sa darating na halalan.<\/strong> Ang sinadyang paggamit ng maling impormasyon para maapektuhan ang partisipasyon ng mga botante sa mga halalan ay kilala bilang &quot;disinformation sa halalan.&quot;\r\n<blockquote>Ang Estados Unidos ay nasa isang kritikal na sandali. Mahigit sa 1 sa 3 residente ng US\u2014at halos 80% ng mga Republicans\u2014 ang maling naniniwala na si Pangulong Joe Biden ay hindi lehitimong nanalo sa halalan.<\/blockquote>\r\nAng Estados Unidos ay nasa isang kritikal na sandali. Mahigit sa 1 sa 3 residente ng US\u2014at halos 80% ng mga Republicans\u2014ang maling naniniwala na si Pangulong Joe Biden ay hindi lehitimong nanalo sa halalan, at karamihan ay nagsasabing sila ay &quot;walang tiwala na ang mga halalan ay sumasalamin sa kalooban ng mga tao.&quot; <strong>Gumagana ang Big Lie ni Donald Trump, at kailangan nating tumugon. Tulad ng pagsasama-sama natin noong nakaraang taon, bumangon upang bumoto nang ligtas at ligtas sa mga naitalang numero sa panahon ng isang pandaigdigang pandemya, dapat na tayong bumangon ngayon upang ihinto ang mga pagsisikap sa disinformation sa halalan sa mga halalan sa hinaharap.<\/strong> Ang ulat na ito ay isang game plan para sa tagumpay.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\r\n\r\nAs online election disinformation has increased, Common Cause Education Fund\u2019s commitment to monitoring and stopping it has likewise increased. As part of our plan to combat election disinformation, Common Cause Education Fund has prepared this report to explain the problem of election disinformation in detail and propose commonsense public and corporate policy reforms to reduce the harmful impacts of election disinformation in future elections. The report\u2019s final section is a series of state, federal and corporate reforms to help stem the flow of election disinformation that is undermining Americans' faith in the nation\u2019s elections. Reform recommendations detailed in the report include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Dapat palakasin ng mga kumpanya ng social media ang kanilang mga patakaran sa paglaban sa nilalamang idinisenyo upang pahinain ang ating demokrasya<\/strong>, kabilang ang pagbibigay sa mga user ng may awtoridad na impormasyon tungkol sa pagboto at halalan, pagbabawas ng pagkalat at pagpapalakas ng disinformation ng halalan, at pagbibigay ng higit na transparency tungkol sa kanilang mga patakaran at kasanayan sa pagmo-moderate ng nilalaman.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dapat baguhin ng Kongreso at mga lehislatura ng estado ang mga batas sa mga karapatan sa pagboto upang tahasan <strong>ipagbawal ang sadyang pagpapakalat ng maling impormasyon tungkol sa oras, lugar, o paraan ng halalan <\/strong>o ang mga kwalipikasyon o paghihigpit sa pagiging karapat-dapat ng botante, na may layuning hadlangan ang pagboto.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ang Kongreso at mga lehislatura ng estado ay dapat <strong>i-update ang mga batas sa paghahayag ng campaign finance para sa digital age<\/strong>, upang isama <strong>\u201c<\/strong>binayaran ng\u201d mga disclaimer sa digital advertising, at mga epektibong probisyon na nagbibigay liwanag sa pera na inilipat sa pagitan ng mga grupo upang maiwasan ang pagsisiwalat.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ang Kongreso at mga lehislatura ng estado ay dapat <strong>pumasa sa komprehensibong batas sa privacy ng data <\/strong>upang protektahan ang mga mamimili mula sa mapang-abusong pangongolekta, paggamit, at pagbabahagi ng personal na data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dapat ang Kongreso<strong> magpatibay ng batas na nagpapatibay sa lokal na media <\/strong>at pagprotekta sa pampublikong access sa mataas na kalidad na impormasyon tungkol sa pamahalaan, kaligtasan ng publiko, kalusugan ng publiko, pag-unlad ng ekonomiya, at lokal na kultura.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dapat ang Kongreso <strong>magpasa ng batas upang protektahan ang pag-access ng mga researcher at watchdog na mamamahayag sa data ng social media<\/strong>, na nagbibigay-daan sa mga mananaliksik na pag-aralan ang mga kasanayan sa platform ng social media nang walang takot sa panghihimasok o paghihiganti mula sa mga kumpanya ng social media.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dapat ang Kongreso <strong>magpasa ng batas upang ipagbawal ang mga algorithm ng diskriminasyon sa online na platform<\/strong> at upang lumikha ng higit na transparency tungkol sa kung paano gumagana ang mga algorithm na ito.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ang White House at mga gobernador sa mga estado sa buong bansa ay dapat gumanap ng isang nangungunang papel sa paglaban sa disinformation sa halalan<\/strong>, kabilang ang sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng mga executive order na nagtuturo sa mga ahensyang may pagpapatupad, paggawa ng panuntunan, at mga awtoridad sa pagsisiyasat na gamitin ang mga kakayahan na ito sa paglaban sa disinformation sa halalan.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Pangkalahatang-ideya ng Disinformation sa Halalan<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Ano ang Disinformation sa Halalan?<\/h2>\r\nSa pangkalahatan, ang disinformation sa halalan ay tumutukoy sa mga sinadyang pagtatangka na gumamit ng maling impormasyon upang maapektuhan ang paglahok ng mga botante sa mga halalan. Mayroong mahabang kasaysayan ng mga taktika na ginagamit upang alisin ang karapatan ng mga botante, at ang aming mga naunang ulat11 ay nagdedetalye kung paano ginagamit ang mga flyer, billboard, at iba pang offline na taktika upang sabihin sa mga botante ang maling impormasyon na maaaring pumigil sa kanila sa paglahok sa isang halalan. Itinampok din ng mga ulat na ito ang ilan sa mga umuusbong na online na digital na taktika na ginagamit upang maikalat ang disinformation sa halalan, kabilang ang email, web, at Facebook, na nakakakuha lang ng pangunahing katanyagan.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>&quot;Karamdaman sa impormasyon&quot;<\/strong> is an emerging term of art used by researchers and media experts that encompasses three related terms:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Disinformation is content that is false (even if it contains some truth) and deliberately created to harm a person, social group, organization, or country.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Misinformation is false information, but it is differentiated from disinformation by lacking an intent to harm any person, group, or organization.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Malinformation is content that is accurate but is intentionally manipulated to cause harm, including voter suppression or voter confusion.\r\n\r\n<strong>Maling impormasyon<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAng maling impormasyon ay maling impormasyon, ngunit ito ay naiiba sa disinformation sa pamamagitan ng kawalan ng layunin na saktan ang sinumang tao, grupo, o organisasyon. Bagama&#039;t ito ay hindi gaanong sinasadya, maaari itong maging parehong nakakapinsala. Kasama sa mga halimbawa ng maling impormasyon ang mga kamalian sa mga petsa o istatistika o maling natukoy na mga caption ng larawan. Ang sinumang makatagpo ng maling impormasyon ay maaaring maniwala dito at makagawa ng mga konklusyon mula dito, kahit na ang provider ng nilalaman ay hindi nilayon na maling ipaalam sa kanila.\r\n\r\n<strong>Disinformation <\/strong>\r\n\r\nAng nilalaman ng disinformation ay hindi totoo at sadyang ginawa para saktan ang isang tao, grupong panlipunan, organisasyon, o bansa. Ang disinformation ay sadyang at madalas na palihim na kumakalat upang maimpluwensyahan ang opinyon at mga aksyon ng publiko, itago o baguhin ang pagboto, o magbigay ng dahilan para sa pagkagalit. Maaaring naglalaman ang disinformation ng ilang totoong katotohanan, ngunit ang mga katotohanang iyon ay maaaring kinuha sa labas ng konteksto o isinama sa mga kasinungalingan upang lumikha at suportahan ang isang partikular na nilalayon na mensahe.\r\n\r\n<strong>Maling impormasyon <\/strong>\r\n\r\nAng maling impormasyon ay nilalamang tumpak ngunit sadyang manipulahin upang magdulot ng pinsala. Kabilang dito ang maling pagkatawan sa konteksto ng isang tunay na kuwento ng balita, doxing (paglalabas ng personal na impormasyon tulad ng mga address at numero ng telepono ng isang indibidwal online upang takutin sila), o piliing naglalabas ng mga sulat.\r\n\r\n<strong>Sino ang Kumakalat ng Disinformation sa Halalan at Bakit? <\/strong>\r\n\r\nFew who intentionally spread election disinformation would publicize this fact because the behavior is sometimes illegal and always despicable. The ability of individuals to anonymously spread election disinformation is part of the problem\u2014and strengthening transparency laws as recommended later in this report is part of the solution. Nevertheless, here is what we know about those spreading election disinformation in recent years. Both foreign and domestic actors have used\u2014and likely will continue to use\u2014election disinformation. During the 2016 elections, the Russian Internet Research Agency created numerous posts on multiple social media platforms. According to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, this foreign interference was \u201cat the direction of the Kremlin\u201d and created social media content in support of then-candidate Trump and against Hillary Clinton. In particular, the content was \u201cprincipally aimed at African-Americans in key metropolitan areas.\u201d Russian disinformation efforts included the use of the Facebook page Blacktivist, which purported to be a Black empowerment page and garnered 11.2 million engagements with Facebook users. Both advertisement and organic (non-ad) content was published through this program. This Russian social media content was designed to drive divisions between voters and cause general political instability in the United States, a tactic that differed from more direct efforts to disenfranchise voters used by some other purveyors of election disinformation.\r\n\r\nA number of social scientists are working to understand the psychology behind individuals spreading disinformation. In our observations, gleaned from over 15,000 volunteer hours spent monitoring social media for mis- and disinformation during the 2020 election cycle, we have found that election misinformation is often spread by those sincerely attempting to be helpful in a climate of uncertainty and distrust (particularly when it came to the USPS and its ability to manage vote by mail in the 2020 elections) and disinformation is spread by individuals with partisan goals, including intraparty contests, like the Democratic Presidential Primary.\r\n\r\nIn an age of hyperpartisanship, spreading election disinformation can both serve to attack your political opponents and show that you are aligned with other members of your political tribe. Election disinformation\u2014in particular, the narrative of a rigged election and pervasive voter fraud committed by Democrats\u2014existed long before the rise of Donald Trump but now has become party orthodoxy. You can signal that you are a Trump-supporting \u201cMAGA Republican\u201d (an acronym for Trump\u2019s campaign slogan \u201cMake America Great Again\u201d) by spreading stories that reinforce a narrative (however false) about a political system rigged against other MAGA Republicans. This creates a negative feedback loop of distrust in government and elections: a September 2021 poll showed that 78% of Republicans believe that Joe Biden did not win the presidency. Numerous states and counties are proceeding with sham ballot reviews\u2014even in areas where Trump won decisively. Among 15 Republican candidates currently running for secretary of state in five battleground states, 10 have \u201ceither declared that the 2020 election was stolen or called for their state\u2019s results to be invalidated or further investigated.\u201d <strong>Ang disinformation sa halalan ay ikinakalat ng mga aktibista at kandidato sa parehong paraan na dati ay pampulitikang pagmemensahe at isyu.<\/strong>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Mga Batas ng Estado at Pederal na Kumokontrol sa Disinformation sa Halalan<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Several different bodies of law provide tools for fighting election disinformation. A primary purpose of election disinformation is to suppress and sometimes intimidate voters. Consequently, election laws prohibiting voter intimidation and false election speech play an important role in fighting election disinformation. Several other bodies of law are also critically important to the fight. Strong campaign finance disclosure laws can shine the light of publicity on those seeking to undermine our elections from the shadows and help ensure existing laws are enforced. Communications laws, consumer protection laws, media literacy laws, and privacy laws can all play a part in effectively regulating and deterring election disinformation.\r\n\r\n<strong>Voter Intimidation and False Election Speech Laws <\/strong>\r\n\r\nFederal law and laws in nearly every state contain provisions explicitly prohibiting voter intimidation, with many of these laws being rightly interpreted as prohibiting election disinformation. Some states have enacted laws explicitly prohibiting various types of false election-related speech\u2014e.g., false statements about voting procedures\/qualifications, candidates, incumbency, endorsements, veteran status, or ballot measure effects. In this report, we focus only on the first of these types: laws prohibiting false statements about voting procedures and qualifications such as where and when to vote. Our reasons are twofold and related to one another. First, the veracity of statements about voting procedures and qualifications (e.g., the date of the election, the hours polls are open) is easily ascertainable, and determining such veracity can be done in an entirely nonpartisan, objective fashion. By contrast, determining the veracity of statements about a candidate (e.g., a candidate\u2019s stance on an issue) is often more subjective, as reflected by the rating systems some prominent fact-checkers use.\r\n\r\nSecond, and relatedly, courts have for years been divided on the constitutionality of laws prohibiting false speech characterizing candidates and ballot measures, with at least two federal appellate courts in recent years striking down such laws as unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. Courts are much more likely to uphold as constitutionally permissible narrower laws prohibiting false statements about the procedures and qualifications of voting.\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Federal Voter Intimidation and False Election Speech Laws<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\nThe following is a summary of voter intimidation and false speech laws at the federal level and in numerous states. And the recommendations section at the end of this report identifies the best features of these laws, urging their adoption throughout the United States.\r\n\r\n<strong>The National Voter Registration Act of 1993<\/strong> makes it a crime to knowingly and willfully intimidate or threaten any person for voting, registering to vote, or aiding others to register and vote. Another federal criminal statute similarly provides that \u201c[w]hoever intimidates, threatens, coerces, or attempts to intimidate, threaten, or coerce, any other person for the purpose of interfering with the right of such other person to vote\u201d in a federal election has committed a crime subject to fines or imprisonment. The DOJ explains that this statute \u201ccriminalizes conduct intended to force prospective voters to vote against their preferences, or refrain from voting, through activity reasonably calculated to instill some form of fear.\u201d Conspiracy to \u201cinjure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person\u2026in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States\u201d\u2014 including the right to vote\u2014is a felony under federal law. This criminal code provision covers voter suppression schemes, including \u201cproviding false information to the public\u2014or a particular segment of the public\u2014regarding the qualifications to vote, the consequences of voting in connection with citizenship status, the dates or qualifications for absentee voting, the date of an election, the hours for voting, or the correct voting precinct.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the federal criminal code provisions detailed in the preceding paragraphs, the <strong>Voting Rights Act of 1965 and other civil rights law<\/strong><strong>s<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>also prohibit disinformation activities that amount to voter intimidation or suppression. The Voting Rights Act provides that no person \u201cshall intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for voting or attempting to vote.\u201d\r\n\r\n<em><strong>State Voter Intimidation and False Election Speech Laws<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\nThe federal laws detailed earlier prohibiting voter intimidation and suppression\u2014including some disinformation tactics\u2014generally apply to any election with candidates for federal office on the ballot. Nearly every state, likewise, has laws prohibiting voter intimidation and suppression, applicable to elections even when no federal office candidates are on the ballot. A few states have laws explicitly regulating false election-related speech, and a few others have interpreted more general anti-intimidation laws to prohibit false election speech. APPENDIX I in the report summarizes the voter intimidation and false speech laws of several states. Among the best state laws worthy of emulating around the nation, Colorado law provides that no person shall knowingly or recklessly \u201cmake, publish, broadcast, or circulate or cause to be made, published, broadcasted, or circulated\u2026any false statement designed to affect the vote on any issue submitted to the electors at any election or relating to any candidate for election to public office.\u201d The Colorado attorney general\u2019s guidance makes clear that disinformation tactics\u2014including \u201cmisleading phone calls, texts, or emails to a voter\u201d\u2014can constitute illegal voter intimidation.\u201d Similarly, Hawaii law provides that any person who \u201cknowingly broadcasts, televises, circulates, publishes, distributes, or otherwise communicates\u2026false information about the time, date, place, or means of voting with the purpose of impeding, preventing, or otherwise interfering with the free exercise of the elective franchise\u201d has committed illegal election fraud. And Virginia explicitly outlaws communicating to a \u201cregistered voter, by any means, false information, knowing the same to be false, intended to impede the voter in the exercise of his right to vote,\u201d including information \u201cabout the date, time, and place of the election, or the voter\u2019s precinct, polling place, or voter registration status, or the location of a voter satellite office or the office of the general registrar.\u201d Importantly, Virginia law includes a private right of action for registered voters to whom such false information is communicated, enabling them to seek an \u201cinjunction, restraining order, or other order, against the person communicating such false information.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor an overview of Campaign Finance Laws, Federal Communications Laws, Federal Consumer Protection Laws, State Media Literacy laws, and State Privacy Laws, read Section 2 of the full report."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Pumili ng Social Media Civic Integrity Policy<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Social media platforms from Facebook to Twitter and YouTube to TikTok have civic integrity policies in place designed to combat disinformation related to elections and other civic processes. These policies often work in tandem with the platforms\u2019 other policies, which address things like fraud, violent content, hate speech, and other content the platform may find objectionable. A piece of content may violate multiple policies at once, like a post advocating violence against a specific group.\r\n\r\nPlatform civic integrity policies primarily focus on prohibiting content that is misleading about how to participate in the civic process. This includes misleading statements or information about the official announced date or time of an election, misleading information about requirements to participate in an election, and content containing statements advocating for violence because of voting, voter registration, or the administration or outcome of an election.\r\n\r\nThese policies are not exhaustive though and have significant loopholes that allow for certain disinformation-oriented content to stay up on the platforms. This includes narratives contributing to voter suppression, disinformation from world leaders\/public figures, and political ads.\r\n\r\nWe summarize only the policies that Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube implemented during the 2020 elections and soon after. We also discuss how inconsistent enforcement and policy loopholes led to the spread of disinformation during and after the election, how the actions taken (or not taken) by the platforms contributed to the insurrection at the Capitol complex on January 6, and how the platforms reacted in the aftermath. Unfortunately, Facebook and Twitter have stopped enforcing existing policies to the degree they did during the 2020 election. Our research shows that there are many pieces of content being left on the platform that would have been taken down months ago.\r\n\r\n<strong>Facebook<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt has been well documented that Facebook is inconsistent in its enforcement of existing policies. In September of 2020, the Wall Street Journal flagged over 200 pieces of content for Facebook that appeared to violate the platform\u2019s rules against the promotion of violence and dangerous information, only to have Facebook respond by taking down around 30 pieces of flagged content and later conceding that more than half of the pieces of content should have been taken down for violating their policies.\r\n\r\nIn addition to inconsistent enforcement, Facebook also had two major loopholes that contribute significantly to the spread of disinformation on the platform: the newsworthiness exemption and its policy of not fact-checking political ads. The newsworthiness exemption applies to any content that Facebook believes \u201cshould be seen and heard\u201d and meets a balancing test that weighs the public benefit of having the content up versus the harm keeping the content in question up could cause. This is extremely subjective, and this subjectivity is reflected in Facebook\u2019s use of the newsworthiness exemption over time.\r\n\r\nFacebook\u2019s decision to exempt political ads has proven to be equally controversial, if not more, than their newsworthiness exemption. This loophole is straightforward: Facebook will not fact-check political advertisements on the platform. During the 2020 election, then-candidate Donald Trump took advantage of this loophole several times and placed ads on Facebook intending to mislead voters about then-candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter. If Facebook is to get serious about cracking down on disinformation, this loophole is one of the first they need to address. This laissez-faire approach to content moderation allowed bad actors to spread content that contributed to the January 6 insurrection.\r\n\r\n<strong>Twitter<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAlthough Facebook tends to dominate the conversation about content moderation practices and the spread of disinformation on social media, Twitter is guilty of many of the same things: inconsistent enforcement of existing policies, loopholes in policies that allow for the spread of disinformation, and relatively weak policy responses to the January 6 insurrection. While Twitter may want to be viewed as better on content moderation than its peers, it has been equally as slow to deal with the misinformation that is found all over the platform.\r\n\r\nJust like Facebook\u2019s newsworthiness exemption, Twitter has a major loophole that contributes significantly to the spread of disinformation called the \u201cpublic interest exception.\u201d This exception applies to tweets from elected and government officials that Twitter believes \u201cdirectly contribute\u201d to the understanding or discussion of a matter of public concern. Tweets that are found to be in the public interest but break other rules may have a label put on them but will not be taken down. Even though the platform insists that this does not mean public officials can post whatever they want (even tweets in violation of their rules), in reality, public officials are generally allowed to get away with posting whatever they want.\r\n\r\n<strong>YouTube <\/strong>\r\n\r\nKung ikukumpara sa Facebook at Twitter, ang mga patakaran ng YouTube ay hindi sinuri sa parehong antas, ngunit tulad ng iba pang mga social media platform na binanggit dito, ang YouTube ay hindi rin naaayon sa pagpapatupad nito ng mga kasalukuyang patakaran. <strong>Gayunpaman, sa halip na magkaroon ng isa o dalawang pangunahing butas kung saan maaaring kumalat ang disinformation, ang mga patakaran ng YouTube sa pangkalahatan ay mas pinahihintulutan kaysa sa Facebook at Twitter.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAng hindi pagkakatugma ng YouTube sa pagpapatupad ng patakaran ay mahusay na dokumentado. Noong 2019, inanunsyo ng platform na gagawa ito ng mga pagbabago sa patakaran sa mapoot na salita nito at tatanggalin ang libu-libong video na lumalabag sa bagong patakaran, ngunit nalaman ni Gizmodo na marami sa mga video ang nananatiling nakabukas. Ang masama pa nito, ang sariling algorithm ng YouTube ay madalas na magrerekomenda ng nilalamang lumalabag sa sarili nitong mga patakaran."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Mga Rekomendasyon<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Ang mga pederal na batas at ang mga batas ng maraming estado ay naglalaman ng mahahalagang probisyon upang bawasan ang mapaminsalang epekto ng disinformation sa halalan. Ang mga patakaran sa civic integrity ng kumpanya ng social media ay kritikal din. Ang mga kasalukuyang batas at patakarang ito ay nag-iiwan ng malaking puwang para sa pagpapabuti. Walang iisang patakarang solusyon sa problema ng disinformation sa halalan. Kailangan natin ng matibay na batas sa mga karapatan sa pagboto, matibay na batas sa pananalapi ng kampanya, matibay na batas sa komunikasyon at privacy, matibay na batas sa literacy sa media, at matibay na patakaran sa integridad ng civic ng kumpanya. Sa Seksyon 4 ng buong ulat, inirerekumenda namin ang mga reporma sa lahat ng mga lugar ng patakarang ito, na itinatampok ang parehong nakabinbing batas na dapat maipasa at ang mga umiiral na batas ng estado na dapat gayahin sa ibang hurisdiksyon."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Konklusyon<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Sa loob ng mga dekada, ang Common Cause Education Fund ay nagtrabaho sa pampublikong edukasyon at mga sistematikong reporma upang bumuo ng isang mas mahusay na demokrasya. Ang mapaminsalang epekto ng disinformation sa halalan ay nilinaw na ang aming pangunahing gawaing programmatic ay kailangan ngayon nang higit pa kaysa dati. Dapat nating turuan at pakilusin ang ating mga komunidad upang pigilan ang mapaminsalang, mabilis na paglaki ng disinformation sa halalan. Ang paggawa nito ay makakatulong sa pagtupad sa pangako ng America ng isang gumaganang demokrasya noong ika-21 siglo na bukas, naa-access, tumutugon, at may pananagutan sa mga tao. Kailangan namin ang iyong suporta at ang iyong aktibismo upang ayusin ang problema ng disinformation sa halalan. Sama-sama, maaari tayong bumuo ng isang demokrasya na gumagana para sa lahat."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Basahin ang Buong Ulat<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<a class=\"button1\" role=\"button\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/CC_AsaMatterofFact_FINAL_10.27.21.pdf\">Bilang Isang Katotohanan: Ang Mga Kapinsalaan na Dulot ng Ulat ng Disinformation sa Halalan<\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_add_component","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_add_component":null},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_work","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_work":{"heading":"Work","manually_curate":false,"work":null}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_resources","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_resources":{"heading":"Related Resources","button_text":"See all Related Resources","manually_curate":false,"resource":null}}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - 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