{"id":583,"date":"2021-03-17T13:49:30","date_gmt":"2021-03-17T13:49:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-the-promise-of-proportional-voting\/"},"modified":"2021-03-17T13:49:30","modified_gmt":"2021-03-17T13:49:30","slug":"xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-loi-hua-ve-bo-phieu-theo-ty-le","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-the-promise-of-proportional-voting\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7"},"template":"","class_list":["post-583","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","article_type-blog-post"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"This is part 10 in a multi-part series examining ways to build an inclusive democracy for the 21st century.","featured_image":null,"article_type":162,"authors":["{\"site_id\":\"68\",\"post_type\":\"person\",\"post_id\":555}"],"related_issues":[109,417],"related_work":false,"location":null},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":null,"name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong>\r\n\r\nB\u00e0i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u00edt bi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t: b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, John Stuart Mills, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 19th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20th<\/sup> V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1915, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu theo th\u1eddi gian. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo \u0111a s\u1ed1. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1. N\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111a s\u1ed1, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng li\u00ean minh. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1eed tri b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 k\u00e9m mong mu\u1ed1n), b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo \u0111a s\u1ed1.\r\n\r\n\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Duverger<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Maurice Duverger \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Duverger, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfn c\u1eed tri l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u00edt \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t. "Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd" n\u00e0y khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u1eed tri, l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 ba. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Duverger \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. Trong khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng, th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/u>Duverger k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 B\u1ec9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1890, g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. T\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gh\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf t\u1ea1i b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n. Duverger kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:\r\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u n\u00e0o b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft); do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 'phi ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c'. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng; v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\r\n\u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7:\r\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i g\u00ec cho h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng, v\u00ec t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai phe ph\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd, do s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn m\u00e0 n\u00f3 gieo r\u1eafc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\r\nV\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t h\u1ecd v\u00ec nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng cho tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Duverger l\u01b0u \u00fd, "S\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7: \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac." N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c - h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa hai phe ph\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb.\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1. Khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 19th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp theo, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 sai s\u00f3t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gh\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111a s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 30% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u s\u1ebd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 30% s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf). \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ho\u1eb7c "h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch", l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u chia cho s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu 100.000 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi gh\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10.000 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 10.000). C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00e0 "c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn". C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf c\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf c\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Israel v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan, v\u1edbi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t 120 v\u00e0 150 gh\u1ebf. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng cao. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Israel ho\u1eb7c H\u00e0 Lan, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi 1,5% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Phi\u1ebfu Chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u01a1n (STV) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 Danh s\u00e1ch (List PR). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p - ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng List PR l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, M\u1ef9 Latinh v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.\r\n\r\nPhi\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n<\/strong>\r\n\r\nM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PR theo danh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland cung c\u1ea5p v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Malta, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Li\u00ean bang \u00dac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf New Zealand, Scotland, B\u1eafc Ireland v\u00e0 British Columbia. Thomas Hare, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV. Hare \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/u> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1859 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1873. Trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u201cch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng, b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri\u201d. Hare l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi John Stuart Mills, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n\u2026 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn, v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n\u201d. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, STV s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft Thay th\u1ebf (AV) (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng). Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng AV, c\u1eed tri x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, STV kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, STV s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. C\u1eed tri x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u. STV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng List PR. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1eed tri kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean tr\u00ean phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp theo. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, r\u1ea5t \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng STV v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y cho H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n: C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland v\u00e0 Malta. C\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Carolina, v\u00e0 Malta c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV \u1edf Ireland \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1922 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 Tin l\u00e0nh c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00ean \u00edt quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi List PR. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, STV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn do v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 166 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Dail v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 40 khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ho\u1eb7c qu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m gh\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, quy m\u00f4 qu\u1eadn duy tr\u00ec b\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf trong Dail. \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, Fianna Fail, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959 v\u00e0 1968 \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf STV b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ireland, hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y: \u0111\u1ea3ng trung dung, Fianna Fail v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng trung h\u1eefu, Fine Gael. Trong c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Sinn Fein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi Fianna Fail. Do c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV c\u1ee7a Ireland t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gay g\u1eaft trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1eed tri m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 1:20.000 \u1edf Ireland, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi 1:50.000 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed h\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n bang t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Carolina v\u00e0 1:750.000 \u1edf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1eed tri. X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ireland (ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Carolina), th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng trong s\u1ed1 10 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n sau.\r\n\r\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PR danh s\u00e1ch<\/strong>\r\n\r\nGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, List PR c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 19th<\/sup> Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a s\u1ed1. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 theo danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Victor D'Hondt \u1edf B\u1ec9. \u00d4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1878, v\u00e0 B\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 theo danh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 35% qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, 24% qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i). \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 30 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trong 30 n\u0103m qua, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 theo danh s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. \u1ede d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c c\u1eed tri b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 gh\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng. V\u1edbi danh s\u00e1ch m\u1edf, c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. V\u1edbi danh s\u00e1ch k\u00edn, c\u1eed tri ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ba \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y gh\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia theo lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 New Zealand y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf trong qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PR theo Danh s\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh gh\u1ebf. Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Trung b\u00ecnh Cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p S\u1ed1 d\u01b0 L\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Trung b\u00ecnh Cao nh\u1ea5t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung b\u00ecnh. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 chia cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gh\u1ebf tr\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p S\u1ed1 d\u01b0 L\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf c\u00f2n tr\u1ed1ng do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf.\r\n\r\nKinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi List PR t\u1ea1i New Zealand<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNew Zealand cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PR theo danh s\u00e1ch. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Anh, New Zealand \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1. New Zealand \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. M\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai. T\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o cao trong hai cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978 v\u00e0 1981. Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ebfu h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1ec1 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng B\u1ea7u c\u1eed sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1984. \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p (MMP) t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Khi \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y v\u1eadn may b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1990, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban. \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e1nh xa c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i m\u1edbi g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra hai cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecfi c\u1eed tri li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 "m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu" hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 85% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. N\u0103m sau, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ed1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1. \u0110a s\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng MMP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng MMP. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996. Theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng MMP, c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 hai phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng MMP l\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 gh\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 25% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 30 gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m 120 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20 gh\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng MMP s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 th\u00eam 10 gh\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, New Zealand \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 5% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng MMP, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y - th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 11% tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 3% k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch (v\u1edbi 0% l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o). Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf New Zealand hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u1eefa. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o. C\u1eed tri cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng MMP th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011. \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 60% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng New Zealand l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\r\n\r\nS\u1ef1 tham gia<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTheo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Rousseau, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Rousseau \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, n\u01a1i \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 tham gia, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111a s\u1ed1, li\u00ean minh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ea7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1. V\u1edbi \u00edt phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed h\u01a1n, c\u1eed tri tin r\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PR theo danh s\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi "ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu", c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. C\u1eed tri trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tham gia. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf. Nhu c\u1ea7u theo \u0111u\u1ed5i phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00ec c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb cho ph\u00e9p thao t\u00fang ranh gi\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 10% trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u1edf B\u1eafc Carolina l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Khi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1eed tri \u00edt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu h\u01a1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n do c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Thay v\u00ec b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng STV l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng. Sau khi B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Estonia \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu STV. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y sau m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng List PR. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng List PR, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tham gia m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho c\u1eed tri.\r\n\r\nS\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 sau b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Rousseau h\u00ecnh dung khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh sau b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ebf t\u1eafc l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, trung dung, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao. M\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m b\u1edfi Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc<\/u>. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. L\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. V\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, n\u00ean c\u1eed tri mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. Hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00e0 "cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed". C\u1eed tri kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u01a1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n x\u1ebfp Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i "N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft" ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\r\n\r\nLi\u00ean minh thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong>\r\n\r\nT\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111a s\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh t\u1eeb chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0y sang chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed kh\u00e1c. Rousseau cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phe ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i k\u1ef5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed chung. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh li\u00ean minh, li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho quy t\u1eafc \u0111a s\u1ed1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf trong nhi\u1ec1u chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o khi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh m\u1edbi t\u1eeb chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y sang chu k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c. H\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Sinn Fein \u1edf Ireland, \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb trung h\u1eefu sang trung t\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, New Zealand \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 United Future, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng trung dung v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. ACT New Zealand th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef v\u1eefng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t phe ph\u00e1i trong \u0111\u1ea3ng. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng gian cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng do chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed mang l\u1ea1i.\r\n\r\nS\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/strong>\r\n\r\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri theo hai c\u00e1ch: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. John Stuart Mills \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, \u201cs\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n; m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i\u201d. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c thao t\u00fang khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u, khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng thao t\u00fang ranh gi\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u00edt sao h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o l\u00e0m t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n chia khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 Israel, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 thao t\u00fang c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m gh\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u00edt b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1.\r\n\r\nS\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTrong khi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ghi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, th\u00ec l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch; th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri, th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 n\u1eef; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u1eb9p nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ecdn ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111a s\u1ed1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi Condorcet, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7.\r\n\r\n\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft "\u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t" - x\u1ea3y ra trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh danh s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m c\u1eed tri. S\u1ed5 tay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf h\u01a1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. 14 trong s\u1ed1 20 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng PR theo danh s\u00e1ch.\r\n\r\nT\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1eed tri t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh x\u1eed trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1eed tri b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c v\u00ec c\u1eed tri ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng c\u0103m gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp thay v\u00ec \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0a th\u00edch. V\u1edbi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri. V\u00ec b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1edf th\u00edch, n\u00ean n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 c\u1eed tri th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, m\u1edf kh\u00f3a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Trong khi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n cho \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.\r\n\r\nL\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft theo \u0111a s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft theo \u0111a s\u1ed1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch thao t\u00fang c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trao ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i cho c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf t\u1ea1i b\u00e0n. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf New Zealand cho th\u1ea5y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo \u0111a s\u1ed1. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Duverger x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: n\u00f3 "l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c" c\u1eed tri b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to l\u1edbn.\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\nMack Paul l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Common Cause NC v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Morningstar Law Group.<\/em>\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y:\r\n\r\nGi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 1: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 2: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ef1 do L\u00e0m cho S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 3: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 4: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 L\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 5: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 6: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat c\u1eed tri<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 7: Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 8: Rousseau v\u00e0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 9: B\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 10: L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 11: \u0110a s\u1ed1, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 12: Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\nPh\u1ea7n 13: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>"}}]},"yoast_head":"\nBuilding Democracy 2.0: The Promise of Proportional Voting - 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