{"id":564,"date":"2020-09-30T10:36:08","date_gmt":"2020-09-30T10:36:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-the-progressive-movement-and-the-decline-of-parties-in-america\/"},"modified":"2020-09-30T10:36:08","modified_gmt":"2020-09-30T10:36:08","slug":"xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-phong-trao-tien-bo-va-su-suy-tan-cua-cac-dang-phai-o-my","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-the-progressive-movement-and-the-decline-of-parties-in-america\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: Phong tr\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf M\u1ef9"},"template":"","class_list":["post-564","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","article_type-blog-post"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"This is part 7 in a multi-part series examining ways to build an inclusive democracy for the 21st century.","featured_image":null,"article_type":162,"authors":["{\"site_id\":\"68\",\"post_type\":\"person\",\"post_id\":555}"],"related_issues":false,"related_work":false,"location":null},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":null,"name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCh\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng ngay sau khi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c then ch\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho c\u1eed tri nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra \u0111a s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh s\u1edf th\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu h\u00fat v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eed tri trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, khai th\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1840, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c 80%. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf M\u1ef9 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20.<sup>th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb sai h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay. Ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong khi ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i s\u1ebd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t.\r\n\r\n<strong>Kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/strong>\r\n\r\nL\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng coi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb ng\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y mang \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khi xem x\u00e9t cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19<sup>th<\/sup> Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i M\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a &quot;Nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng tr\u00f9m C\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c&quot;. Nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, b\u00f3p m\u00e9o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 chia c\u1eaft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0. Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870 v\u00e0 1890 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i lan r\u1ed9ng. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n xoay quanh Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i M\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecf qua mi\u1ec1n Nam, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111ang d\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i sau s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng, mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3. Sau N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3.<sup>th<\/sup> B\u1ea3n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. 14<sup>th<\/sup> s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ea9m sinh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. 15<sup>th<\/sup> Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb to l\u1edbn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u1edf c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m gh\u1ebf trong c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u00e1i gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia. Sau hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ulysses Grant, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1876 \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1824, kh\u00f4ng \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Samuel Tilden nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Rutherford Hayes c\u1ea7n 20 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Tilden. Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c trao to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111ang tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng cho Hayes, Hayes h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd r\u00fat qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i li\u00ean bang kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n Nam. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1876 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1898, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eed tri ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m h\u01a1n 90%. Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Wilmington, B\u1eafc Carolina \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900, b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n Jim Crow \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0110\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi Bob La Follette v\u00e0 \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng Wisconsin<\/strong>\r\n\r\nV\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Wisconsin l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900, 80% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu 10% c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i trong khi 1% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang. 40% trang tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf trong ti\u1ec3u bang. Bob La Follette \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d4ng theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wisconsin v\u00e0 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngay sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt s\u01b0. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1884 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t, La Follette \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, bao g\u1ed3m thu\u1ebf quan cao, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thua cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1890 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c d\u00e0nh cho \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, La Follette \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai sau khi m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t anh r\u1ec3 \u00f4ng. V\u1ee5 \u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Trong hai k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m thay v\u00ec La Follette m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i ba, La Follette \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 &quot;b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i&quot;. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch do \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n t\u00fay ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1890, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n t\u00fay \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang \u1edf Trung T\u00e2y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u1ea1c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n t\u00fay c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00e1c, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a D\u00e2n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. La Follette \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a D\u00e2n t\u00fay. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, La Follette \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c do m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wisconsin \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t: b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t trao cho c\u1eed tri quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng cho cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp k\u00edn ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i. La Follette \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u &quot;M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y&quot;. L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Lincoln, La Follette k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: &quot;N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, th\u00ec &#039;D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa&#039;, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.&quot; La Follette g\u1eafn k\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi kinh doanh. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cM\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111e d\u1ecda Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n\u201d, La Follette c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u201cS\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i m\u01a1 t\u1edbi\u2026 T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh, v\u00e0 b\u00e0n tay quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u2026 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng.\u201d \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, \u201c\u0110\u1eebng tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u2026 Kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, h\u00e3y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\u201d \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1eed tri \u201cb\u1ea7u cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1eed tri b\u00e1n \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\u2026 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y.\u201d B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9, La Follette \u0111\u00e3 gieo m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch La Follette l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai s\u00f3t trong logic c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 40px;\">&quot;Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i trong ti\u1ec3u bang v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i, ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u00e0i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111\u00e3... x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u1eebng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 khi ng\u00e0i hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, ng\u00e0i hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.&quot;<\/p>\r\nTrong l\u1ea7n th\u1eed s\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900, La Follette \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1904, Wisconsin \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. La Follette tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Trung T\u00e2y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m theo. Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda do La Follette kh\u01a1i d\u1eady \u2013 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng Wisconsin \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1912, 22 ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn cho cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m theo, th\u00f4ng qua 17<sup>th<\/sup> Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1913. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0 Teddy Roosevelt v\u00e0 Woodrow Wilson \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919 c\u1ee7a 18<sup>th<\/sup> v\u00e0 19<sup>th<\/sup> Sau khi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i (l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea5m R\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef), phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c trao cho c\u1eed tri ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau: trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed, quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch trao cho c\u1eed tri nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i h\u01a1n trong hai \u0111\u1ea3ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u bang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 &quot;k\u00edn&quot;. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, c\u1eed tri ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 &quot;b\u00e1n m\u1edf&quot;. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 &quot;m\u1edf&quot;. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1eed tri nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u1eed tri \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd hay ch\u01b0a. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u1eed tri quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh danh s\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3.\r\n\r\n<strong>Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c N\u1ec1n D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 Kh\u00e1c<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTh\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch khi xem x\u00e9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20<sup>th<\/sup> Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o, m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Jonathan Rodden \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. <u>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/u> k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20<sup>th<\/sup> Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1eed tri ph\u1ea3i s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nam gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u01a1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1ea1i \u0111ang li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tham gia c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p phe b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec theo th\u1eddi gian. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh tan r\u00e3 khi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gh\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1907 nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c) \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. Phe b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p phe b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u1edbi bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gh\u1ebf v\u1edbi bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng gi\u1eefa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19.<sup>th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. N\u0103m 1861, John Stuart Mills \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u201cV\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i; \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111a s\u1ed1.\u201d Trong \u0111\u00f3, Stuart \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&quot;Trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1ecdi ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng. V\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n; nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. X\u00e9t theo t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n; m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i; s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1ed1n coi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.&quot;<\/p>\r\nNh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. H\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 30% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u s\u1ebd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 30% s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u201cphong tr\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1920, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Thay v\u00ec b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1ec9 c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng duy tr\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu. H\u1ecd k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecd khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng li\u00ean minh \u0111a s\u1ed1 sau khi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t 70% tr\u1edf l\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu r\u1ea5t xa so v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u2013 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng c\u00fa s\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, \u0110\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II.\r\n\r\n<strong>C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua trong Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &quot;phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u00dac&quot;) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0, phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn do c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd, cho ph\u00e9p c\u1eed tri b\u1ecf qua c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean bao tr\u00f9m v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thao t\u00fang khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. B\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m tha h\u00f3a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean hay \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c thay v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh hai \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: bi\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. L\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Maurice Duverger \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. <u>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/u>:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&quot;C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu n\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed b\u1edfi c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng; ch\u00fang c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean, th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, b\u1edfi v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u1ea3ng trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed.&quot;<\/p>\r\nN\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cho c\u1eed tri trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch trao m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng - l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean tranh c\u1eed trong t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed - c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a La Follette \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu. V\u00ec c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed l\u1ea5y \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20<sup>th<\/sup> Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng coi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. S\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch do \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1eed tri ph\u1ea3i chi th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed7i \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp trung do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Sau khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t 80% trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 19<sup>th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 50-60% c\u1eed tri \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 19<sup>th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.\r\n\r\n<strong>Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng coi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Khi ch\u00fang ta chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Mack Paul l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Common Cause NC v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Morningstar Law Group.<\/em>\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y:\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-gioi-thieu\/\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dan-chu-la-gi-va-tai-sao-no-lai-quan-trong\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 1: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-y-tuong-ve-tu-do-lam-cho-su-doi-moi-dau-tien-tro-nen-kha-thi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 2: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ef1 do L\u00e0m cho S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-doi-moi-thu-hai-da-tao-ra-nen-dan-chu-hien-dai\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 3: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-troi-day-va-chuc-nang-cua-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-thiet-lap-ho-so-thang-than\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 4: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 L\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-da-bien-xung-dot-thanh-dong-luc-san-xuat-nhu-the-nao\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 5: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dang-va-thach-thuc-cua-su-tham-gia-cua-cu-tri\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 6: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat c\u1eed tri<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-phong-trao-tien-bo-va-su-suy-tan-cua-cac-dang-phai-o-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 7: Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-rousseau-va-y-chi-cua-nhan-dan\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 8: Rousseau v\u00e0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-bi-mat-den-toi-cua-viec-bo-phieu-da-so\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 9: B\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-loi-hua-ve-bo-phieu-theo-ty-le\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 10: L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-da-so-thieu-so-va-doi-moi-trong-thiet-ke-bau-cu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 11: \u0110a s\u1ed1, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-nhung-no-luc-sai-lam-trong-cai-cach-bau-cu-o-my\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 12: Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-viec-su-dung-va-lam-dung-viec-phan-chia-lai-khu-vuc-bau-cu-trong-nen-dan-chu-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 13: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;"}}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Building Democracy 2.0: The Progressive Movement and the Decline of Parties in America - Common Cause North Carolina<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/bai-viet-2\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-phong-trao-tien-bo-va-su-suy-tan-cua-cac-dang-phai-o-my\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Building Democracy 2.0: The Progressive Movement and the Decline of Parties in America\" 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