{"id":563,"date":"2020-09-01T13:06:13","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T13:06:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-parties-and-the-challenge-of-voter-engagement\/"},"modified":"2020-09-01T13:06:13","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T13:06:13","slug":"xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dang-va-thach-thuc-cua-su-tham-gia-cua-cu-tri","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-parties-and-the-challenge-of-voter-engagement\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat c\u1eed tri"},"template":"","class_list":["post-563","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","article_type-blog-post"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"This is part 6 in a multi-part series examining ways to build an inclusive democracy for the 21st century.","featured_image":null,"article_type":162,"authors":["{\"site_id\":\"68\",\"post_type\":\"person\",\"post_id\":555}"],"related_issues":false,"related_work":false,"location":null},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":null,"name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-da-bien-xung-dot-thanh-dong-luc-san-xuat-nhu-the-nao\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y<\/a> M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i tranh gi\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19<sup>th<\/sup> Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Khi qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1edbi, quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u bang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho ph\u00e9p nam gi\u1edbi da tr\u1eafng tr\u00ean 21 tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1788, vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u1eed tri l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia non tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3? Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 &quot;b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh&quot; ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng th\u00ec kh\u00e1c. V\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ngu\u1ed3n cung. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng\u201d c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i\u201d kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia khi h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra sao. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn s\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1828 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c\u0111\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u201d, thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng \u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\r\n\r\n<strong>L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3<\/strong>\r\n\r\nT\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ng\u00e0y nay, th\u1eadt k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 khi ch\u00fang ta \u0103n m\u1eebng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. M\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 - n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n m\u1edbi. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 ghi l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ebfm khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. T\u1ea1i sao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3? Trong s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n nay \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a xem x\u00e9t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh nh\u01b0 \u00dac y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed li\u00ean bang. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20<sup>th <\/sup>Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed li\u00ean bang th\u01b0\u1eddng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 50-60% c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (t\u1eeb 35-40% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u1ea5p n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng. R\u1ea5t \u00edt kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u1ebd xoay chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfm hoi, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e8m theo) cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi ph\u00ed. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean, t\u1eeb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee7y vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian - th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 do c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng - \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng d\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &quot;ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu&quot;. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II khi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1eefu \u00edch khi xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 sau:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">R = PB + D \u2013 C<\/p>\r\nR bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n khi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu n\u1ebfu R d\u01b0\u01a1ng. P bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. B bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1eafng c\u1eed. D bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ra sao. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, C bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, P v\u00e0 B li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, trong khi D v\u00e0 C t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ra sao. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. V\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a P th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 0, n\u00ean P nh\u00e2n B (PB) th\u1ea5p ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 B) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cao. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn D v\u00e0 C c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu hay kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Robert Putnam <u>L\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/u> k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf \u00dd c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00ecnh c\u1edd t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u01a1n 70% trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong khi ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. 75% trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp tr\u00ean $150.000 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong khi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 50% trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi $50.000 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng tin phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri tham gia b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ea5p l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\r\n\r\n<strong>1828 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/strong>\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i gi\u00fap kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c - c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. John Aldrich <u>T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c b\u00ean<\/u> k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1828. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ea1nh tranh sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang thu h\u00fat c\u1eed tri v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1790, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 Aldrich g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Hamilton, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1804. Ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &quot;K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p&quot; (t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u00e0y nay). \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean bang suy y\u1ebfu - kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi tinh hoa kinh doanh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7-C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hay \u0110\u1ea3ng Jefferson chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf khi t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Virginia l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng. Madison v\u00e0 Monroe k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m Jefferson. C\u1ea3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Virginia \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho Monroe v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1824, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson v\u00e0 William Crawford. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u tranh c\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7-C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Jackson gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi 41% trong khi Adams \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n, n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Adams \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 &quot;m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn tham nh\u0169ng&quot; v\u1edbi Clay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao. V\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa Adams v\u00e0 Jackson trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1828. Martin Van Buren, m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb New York v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Jackson, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1828. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng. Jackson s\u1ebd tranh c\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 Adams s\u1ebd tranh c\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Qu\u1ed1c gia. Van Buren nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang m\u1edbi v\u00e0o Li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eed tri m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1edbi, s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u2013 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Adams v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u00e0 Jackson. Van Buren \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &quot;H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng&quot;. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Washington, D.C. B\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp theo m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eed tri t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c m\u00edt tinh qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c m\u00edt tinh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda tr\u1ea1i, u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9t g\u1ed7 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o cho &quot;Old Hickory&quot;. Ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng Adams \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng qu\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed9i danh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i b\u00f9ng l\u00ean l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cho Jackson. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1828. &quot;L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c&quot; \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd chi ti\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, New England c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ec3u bang m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Adams c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u0103m 1824. Mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00ean chi ph\u00ed t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cao v\u00e0 Jackson c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bang Trung \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nghi\u00eang c\u00e1n c\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Jackson. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ea7u t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n 42% \u1edf nh\u1eefng bang c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i so v\u1edbi 18% \u1edf nh\u1eefng bang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho Jackson ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eed tri cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. C\u00f3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. Do Jackson n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1eed tri v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Jackson. Chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i Hoa K\u1ef3 - h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft - s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<sup>th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1828 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1840, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tham gia cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 80%. V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u1ea3ng thu h\u00fat. M\u1ecdi c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia cao n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19<sup>th<\/sup> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.\r\n\r\n<strong>Con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt Leviathan<\/strong>\r\n\r\nVi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1eed tri ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng khi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed9t g\u1ed7 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o n\u0103m 1828 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n tr\u00ean xe h\u01a1i, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, &quot;th\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e8n&quot;, vi\u1ebft th\u01b0, g\u00f5 c\u1eeda t\u1eebng nh\u00e0, \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eafn tin kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu khi \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chi ti\u00eau ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thay th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Thomas Hobbs l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, Hobbs \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c thi c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba. B\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb &quot;ph\u1ea1t&quot; so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i. C\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c thi. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trung l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. N\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng khi ch\u1ec9 thu h\u00fat m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng c\u1eed tri kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1eed tri, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1ec1m sang c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea1nh tranh r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. Khi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u00e0nh v\u0103n. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\r\n\r\n<strong>Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong>\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngay sau khi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Khi c\u1eed tri m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia cao c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eed tri \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang trong vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eed tri m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh cho c\u1eed tri. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Mack Paul l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Common Cause NC v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Morningstar Law Group.<\/em>\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y:\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-gioi-thieu\/\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dan-chu-la-gi-va-tai-sao-no-lai-quan-trong\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 1: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-y-tuong-ve-tu-do-lam-cho-su-doi-moi-dau-tien-tro-nen-kha-thi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 2: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ef1 do L\u00e0m cho S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-doi-moi-thu-hai-da-tao-ra-nen-dan-chu-hien-dai\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 3: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-troi-day-va-chuc-nang-cua-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-thiet-lap-ho-so-thang-than\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 4: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 L\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-da-bien-xung-dot-thanh-dong-luc-san-xuat-nhu-the-nao\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 5: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dang-va-thach-thuc-cua-su-tham-gia-cua-cu-tri\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 6: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat c\u1eed tri<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-phong-trao-tien-bo-va-su-suy-tan-cua-cac-dang-phai-o-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 7: Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-rousseau-va-y-chi-cua-nhan-dan\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 8: Rousseau v\u00e0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-bi-mat-den-toi-cua-viec-bo-phieu-da-so\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 9: B\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-loi-hua-ve-bo-phieu-theo-ty-le\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 10: L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-da-so-thieu-so-va-doi-moi-trong-thiet-ke-bau-cu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 11: \u0110a s\u1ed1, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-nhung-no-luc-sai-lam-trong-cai-cach-bau-cu-o-my\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 12: Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-viec-su-dung-va-lam-dung-viec-phan-chia-lai-khu-vuc-bau-cu-trong-nen-dan-chu-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 13: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>"}}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Building Democracy 2.0: Parties and the Challenge of Voter Engagement - Common Cause North Carolina<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/bai-viet-2\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dang-va-thach-thuc-cua-su-tham-gia-cua-cu-tri\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Building Democracy 2.0: Parties and the Challenge of Voter Engagement\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" 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