{"id":562,"date":"2020-08-11T09:23:21","date_gmt":"2020-08-11T09:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-how-political-parties-turned-conflict-into-a-productive-force\/"},"modified":"2020-08-11T09:23:21","modified_gmt":"2020-08-11T09:23:21","slug":"xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-da-bien-xung-dot-thanh-dong-luc-san-xuat-nhu-the-nao","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-how-political-parties-turned-conflict-into-a-productive-force\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"template":"","class_list":["post-562","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","article_type-blog-post"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"This is part 5 in a multi-part series examining ways to build an inclusive democracy for the 21st century.","featured_image":null,"article_type":162,"authors":["{\"site_id\":\"68\",\"post_type\":\"person\",\"post_id\":555}"],"related_issues":[109,417],"related_work":false,"location":null},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":null,"name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c sang m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi. Madison \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ea1nh tranh - v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng - s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o xung \u0111\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ra theo chi\u1ec1u ngang th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1ec1m m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong v\u00e0i chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1800, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1eed tri r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. B\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 L\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng s\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i.\r\n\r\n<strong>M\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng m\u1edbi<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSau khi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n n\u0103m 1788, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u1ea5p li\u00ean bang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u I c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf t\u1ea1i H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 cho m\u1ed7i 30.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3. Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00e1i tranh c\u1eed sau hai n\u0103m n\u1eefa. &quot;Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng&quot; c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang n\u00ean c\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Madison v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy m\u1edbi \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. Khi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m xao nh\u00e3ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1i Virginia, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Sau khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a, so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qua Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean bang? \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Madison, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c trong ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. Washington l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, John Adams l\u00e0 ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Hamilton l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 Jefferson l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri nh\u01b0 Madison, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p trong \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0y mang theo m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. S\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, Adams v\u00e0 Hamilton nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia. S\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, Jefferson v\u00e0 Madison nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00f4ng qua th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, Madison v\u00e0 Jefferson v\u1eabn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 &quot;ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng&quot;, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed (cho nam gi\u1edbi da tr\u1eafng). Ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i tranh c\u1eed, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0110a s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTrong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, <u>T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c?<\/u> John Aldrich m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ba nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 chia r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang m\u1edbi n\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Aldrich g\u1ecdi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 &quot;Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i&quot; v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u. R\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cao v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng coi m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Ngo\u00e0i Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, Hamilton c\u00f2n d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trong v\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Hamilton \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ebf quan cao \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Li\u00ean bang. Do \u0111\u00f3, Hamilton c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u1eed tri. Phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u trong hai Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Hamilton c\u00f3 li\u00ean minh \u0111a s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1790 v\u1edbi hai phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 14 l\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i phi\u1ebfu. R\u1ea5t \u00edt ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ti\u1ec3u bang b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 chung quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. Aldrich m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1790 trong k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Madison, Jefferson v\u00e0 Hamilton \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n t\u1ed1i. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Hamilton c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd trao \u0111\u1ed5i phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. Jefferson v\u00e0 Madison s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn n\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Hamilton v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Potomac. Hai th\u00e1ng sau, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0o t\u1ed1i h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ebf t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lo l\u1eafng li\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c gia non tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng hay kh\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111ang gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e2n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i g\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. Vi\u1ec7c Madison, Jefferson v\u00e0 Hamilton \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Aldrich vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 &quot;\u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.&quot;\r\n\r\n<strong>T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/strong>\r\n\r\nB\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a II, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn m\u00e1c l\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang ho\u1eb7c Ch\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean bang (nh\u00f3m sau h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean &quot;Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Jefferson&quot;). Sau khi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u, Hamilton \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Hamilton kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd h\u1ecdp k\u00edn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, Hamilton \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia. X\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa Madison v\u00e0 Hamilton, v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Washington \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Hamilton. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Jefferson v\u00e0 Madison nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0nh gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a III. Madison v\u00e0 Jefferson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn New York v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1792. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Aaron Burr v\u00e0 George Clinton, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Hamilton. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Ri\u00eang Madison \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1edd &quot;National Gazette&quot;, m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Th\u00f4ng qua &quot;c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban th\u01b0 t\u00edn&quot;, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a III. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Aldrich v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m danh trong ba k\u1ef3 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a &quot;phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u theo \u0111\u1ea3ng&quot; l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng kia trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I, hai trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a III, t\u00e1m trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Aldrich k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201c\u2026 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1nh h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1edbn lao.\u201d<\/p>\r\nN\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a Madison. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phi \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 phi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u0103m 1949 c\u1ee7a VO Key, <u>Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1edf c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/u>, n\u00eau ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 trong \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Key kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eed tri. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3\u201d v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u201ctr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung\u201d c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong>\r\n\r\nC\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Kenneth Arrow, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra &quot;\u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi&quot; c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951, c\u00f9ng n\u0103m Maurice Duverger c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, <u>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/u>\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Arrow n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Khi A v\u00e0 B li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 X, C lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho A th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 Y. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c li\u00ean minh ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean minh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o ly t\u00e2m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 ra &quot;c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng do c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac g\u00e2y ra&quot;. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 &quot;li\u00ean minh d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n&quot;. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, A v\u00e0 B \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 C c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra cho A m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng A s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi B. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1. T\u00f4i n\u00eau ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan sau n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y trong h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong <u>S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/u>C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean doanh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u1ea3y sinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri - ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1789. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, bao g\u1ed3m Hamilton v\u00e0 Madison, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u do c\u1eed tri b\u00e0y t\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 - \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1eeb xa v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp - nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u00f3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng do c\u1eed tri b\u00e0y t\u1ecf.\r\n\r\n<strong>Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTh\u1eadt d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb mang ti\u1ebfng x\u1ea5u. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn &quot;c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang&quot; th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Washington ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn hy v\u1ecdng n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi s\u1ebd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft tinh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm. Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u1eb1m trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cam k\u1ebft l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u an \u1ee7i, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i, khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u1eb1m trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cam k\u1ebft b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u2013 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh gay g\u1eaft trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp sau. B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i g\u00ec t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tham gia b\u1ea7u c\u1eed?\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Mack Paul l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Common Cause NC v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Morningstar Law Group.<\/em>\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y:\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-gioi-thieu\/\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dan-chu-la-gi-va-tai-sao-no-lai-quan-trong\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 1: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-y-tuong-ve-tu-do-lam-cho-su-doi-moi-dau-tien-tro-nen-kha-thi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 2: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ef1 do L\u00e0m cho S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-doi-moi-thu-hai-da-tao-ra-nen-dan-chu-hien-dai\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 3: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-troi-day-va-chuc-nang-cua-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-thiet-lap-ho-so-thang-than\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 4: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 L\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-da-bien-xung-dot-thanh-dong-luc-san-xuat-nhu-the-nao\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 5: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dang-va-thach-thuc-cua-su-tham-gia-cua-cu-tri\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 6: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat c\u1eed tri<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-phong-trao-tien-bo-va-su-suy-tan-cua-cac-dang-phai-o-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 7: Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-rousseau-va-y-chi-cua-nhan-dan\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 8: Rousseau v\u00e0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-bi-mat-den-toi-cua-viec-bo-phieu-da-so\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 9: B\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-loi-hua-ve-bo-phieu-theo-ty-le\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 10: L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-da-so-thieu-so-va-doi-moi-trong-thiet-ke-bau-cu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 11: \u0110a s\u1ed1, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-nhung-no-luc-sai-lam-trong-cai-cach-bau-cu-o-my\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 12: Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-viec-su-dung-va-lam-dung-viec-phan-chia-lai-khu-vuc-bau-cu-trong-nen-dan-chu-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 13: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>"}}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Building Democracy 2.0: How Political Parties Turned Conflict into a Productive Force - Common Cause North Carolina<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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