{"id":559,"date":"2020-06-23T15:09:52","date_gmt":"2020-06-23T15:09:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-how-the-idea-of-freedom-makes-the-first-innovation-possible\/"},"modified":"2020-06-23T15:09:52","modified_gmt":"2020-06-23T15:09:52","slug":"xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-y-tuong-ve-tu-do-lam-cho-su-doi-moi-dau-tien-tro-nen-kha-thi","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-how-the-idea-of-freedom-makes-the-first-innovation-possible\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 thi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"template":"","class_list":["post-559","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","article_type-blog-post"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"This is part 2 in a multi-part series examining ways to build an inclusive democracy for the 21st century.","featured_image":null,"article_type":162,"authors":["{\"site_id\":\"68\",\"post_type\":\"person\",\"post_id\":555}"],"related_issues":[109,417],"related_work":false,"location":null},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":null,"name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"C\u00e2u n\u00f3i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Patrick Henry, &quot;Cho t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 do ho\u1eb7c cho t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft&quot;, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hoa K\u1ef3. Ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dan-chu-la-gi-va-tai-sao-no-lai-quan-trong\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/a> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ct\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u201d. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\r\n\r\n<strong>T\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/strong>\r\n\r\nT\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Isaiah Berlin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1958 \u201cHai Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do\u201d, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cT\u1ef1 do theo ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c bao h\u00e0m c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: &#039;Trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p?&#039;\u201d. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu. B\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nam gi\u1edbi da tr\u1eafng s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u1ea3 nam gi\u1edbi da tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a 15<sup>th<\/sup> Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n sau N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7). Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ec9 sau khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1edfi v\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sinh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng can thi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\r\n\r\n<strong>M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn xung quanh Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean bang. S\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang. Sau khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac, nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Philadelphia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1787 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n. Thay v\u00ec s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m Alexander Hamilton v\u00e0 James Madison, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. Trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng, h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, James Monroe v\u00e0 Elbridge Gerry (n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi &quot;Gerrymander&quot;) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn b\u1ed5 sung n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ai tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, Monroe v\u00e0 Gerry \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean bang coi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sao nh\u00e3ng. Hamilton th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 khi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng trao cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Khi \u00f4ng, Madison v\u00e0 John Jay n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi, Hamilton l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Trong t\u1edd Federalist s\u1ed1 84, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: &quot;V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, trong khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf? T\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh; nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra, cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u1edb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3.&quot; \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi &quot;h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1ee5 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng&quot; d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n khi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng xung quanh ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Trong khi Madison, Hamilton v\u00e0 John Jay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong <u>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang<\/u> V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi mang l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c. Elbridge Gerry \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t: \u201cM\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n sao? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 n\u00ean. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u00edt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n theo Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u bang, \u0111ang c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.\u201d B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gay g\u1eaft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd v\u00e0o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean bang. New York \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ebd vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Madison, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u1edbi James Monroe trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng li\u00ean bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia theo ki\u1ec3u &quot;gerrymander&quot; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Virginia. Madison \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng c\u1eed, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1edd cam k\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi, qu\u1ed1c gia thay th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. George Washington \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n s\u1eafp t\u1edbi trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n &quot;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3&quot;. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n ngoan khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa &quot;s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do&quot; v\u1edbi &quot;s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng&quot; c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i &quot;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i&quot;. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed, Madison \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n v\u00e0o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i. Madison ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Magna Carta v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Anh c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Madison. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, c\u00e1c tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 12. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat g\u1ecdn Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00f4 l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: &quot;Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5m t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed; ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i.&quot; Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 can thi\u1ec7p, \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 phi t\u1eadp trung, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7: c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 xung quanh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\r\n\r\n<strong>T\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean trong. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. N\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, bao g\u1ed3m kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i theo v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh. T\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00f3 khi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch phi t\u1eadp trung. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t khi thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Khi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Fareed Zakaria ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y trong <u>T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 do: N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 phi t\u1ef1 do trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u>. \u00d4ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Seyour Martin Lipset, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: &quot;Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i duy tr\u00ec n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn&quot;. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Adam Przeworski v\u00e0 Fernando Limongi \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1990. H\u1ecd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean $6000 (theo \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2003) l\u00e0 &quot;r\u1ea5t ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng&quot;. \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 1 tr\u00ean 500. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 $9000 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u1edbi duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Robert Putnam, <u>L\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf \u00dd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/u>, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Putnam \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf \u00dd sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c\u201d \u2013 Putnam \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u00dd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Putnam k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Putnam. Alexis de Tocqueville \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1831 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft <u>D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf M\u1ef9<\/u>, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t:\r\n<blockquote>&quot;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u1edf m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u2013 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm, r\u1ea5t chung chung v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9... Theo t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u1edf M\u1ef9.&quot;<\/blockquote>\r\nNh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. De Tocqueville nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201ct\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, tr\u00e1i tim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau\u201d. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 Putnam \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh \u2013 ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng minh, phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do hay quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Mack Paul l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Common Cause NC v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Morningstar Law Group.<\/em>\r\n\r\nC\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y:\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-gioi-thieu\/\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dan-chu-la-gi-va-tai-sao-no-lai-quan-trong\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 1: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-y-tuong-ve-tu-do-lam-cho-su-doi-moi-dau-tien-tro-nen-kha-thi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 2: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ef1 do L\u00e0m cho S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-doi-moi-thu-hai-da-tao-ra-nen-dan-chu-hien-dai\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 3: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-su-troi-day-va-chuc-nang-cua-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-thiet-lap-ho-so-thang-than\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 4: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 L\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-cac-dang-phai-chinh-tri-da-bien-xung-dot-thanh-dong-luc-san-xuat-nhu-the-nao\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 5: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-dang-va-thach-thuc-cua-su-tham-gia-cua-cu-tri\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 6: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat c\u1eed tri<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-phong-trao-tien-bo-va-su-suy-tan-cua-cac-dang-phai-o-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 7: Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-rousseau-va-y-chi-cua-nhan-dan\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 8: Rousseau v\u00e0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-bi-mat-den-toi-cua-viec-bo-phieu-da-so\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 9: B\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-loi-hua-ve-bo-phieu-theo-ty-le\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 10: L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-da-so-thieu-so-va-doi-moi-trong-thiet-ke-bau-cu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 11: \u0110a s\u1ed1, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-nhung-no-luc-sai-lam-trong-cai-cach-bau-cu-o-my\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ph\u1ea7n 12: Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/vi\/democracy-wire\/xay-dung-nen-dan-chu-2-0-viec-su-dung-va-lam-dung-viec-phan-chia-lai-khu-vuc-bau-cu-trong-nen-dan-chu-my\/\">Ph\u1ea7n 13: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2.0: Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;"}}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - 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