{"id":556,"date":"2020-06-09T10:26:08","date_gmt":"2020-06-09T10:26:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-what-is-democracy-and-why-is-it-important\/"},"modified":"2020-06-09T10:26:08","modified_gmt":"2020-06-09T10:26:08","slug":"pagbuo-ng-demokrasya-2-0-ano-ang-demokrasya-at-bakit-ito-mahalaga","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/north-carolina\/tl\/articles\/building-democracy-2-0-what-is-democracy-and-why-is-it-important\/","title":{"rendered":"Pagbuo ng Demokrasya 2.0: Ano ang Demokrasya at Bakit Ito Mahalaga?"},"template":"","class_list":["post-556","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","article_type-blog-post"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"This is part 1 in a multi-part series examining ways to build an inclusive democracy for the 21st century.","featured_image":null,"article_type":162,"authors":["{\"site_id\":\"68\",\"post_type\":\"person\",\"post_id\":555}"],"related_issues":[109,417],"related_work":false,"location":null},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":null,"name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":null,"component_wysiwyg":{"content":"In The Social Conquest of Earth<\/u> by evolutionary biologist E.O. Wilson, a pattern emerges.\u00a0 Humans experience rapid advancement after a series of seemingly small adaptations.\u00a0 Changes in social behavior set the stage for a breakthrough that occurs dramatically.\u00a0 Fire offers one of the best examples.\u00a0 At first, controlled fires offered a way for hunters to flush and trap animals.\u00a0 However, fire also cooked animals unable to escape.\u00a0 Cooked meat proved easier to render and consume.\u00a0 Later, cooking provided an important source of social bonding.\u00a0 As humans became more adept at controlling fire, they settled around campsites.\u00a0 Those campsites allowed humans to develop specialized skills and adopt highly attuned social cues needed to work cooperatively with others.\u00a0 In other words, an important step toward human\u2019s competitive advantage arose after several adaptations connected to the use of fire.\r\n\r\nDemocracy offers a more recent example of human adaptation.\u00a0 Following a series of innovations occurring over a number of centuries, representative democracy burst onto the scene in the late 18th century.\u00a0 It represents one of the greatest advances in human innovation because, once established, democracy became a machine for unparalleled human prosperity.\u00a0 And yet as Americans, we tend to think of democracy as a political system magically created by our Founding Fathers.\u00a0 The brilliance of a few men at the right time and place produced a framework that propelled this nation forward and made us a beacon for the world.\r\n\r\nThat perspective can create an ossified view of democracy.\u00a0 It leads to a view that the Constitution is infallible.\u00a0 If only we can divine the intent of the Founders through its text, we can answer today\u2019s challenges.\u00a0 Further, this view can obfuscate the norms, practices and necessary conditions around democracy that allow it to strengthen society as a cohesive force for improving the lives of its members.\u00a0 The magical view of democracy makes it harder to focus on which of today\u2019s challenges pose the greatest risk of unraveling society.\r\n\r\nPart I of this series will focus on what comprises democracy and why it has been so important to human development.\u00a0 It describes two primary human adaptations associated with democracy and the conditions necessary for the success of those adaptations.\u00a0 The first adaptation described in this essay relates to a fundamentally new role for the individual in society.\u00a0 This new role made the individual a driver in the decision-making of society.\u00a0 Rather than governance flowing from a monarch, an autocrat or other central authority, democracy makes the individual \u2013 acting in a decentralized, rational and self-interested manner \u2013 the source from which government gains its legitimacy.\u00a0 The notion that individuals could play such a role was radical and certainly a dramatic departure from other systems that predated its emergence.\r\n\r\nAntecedents<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAs stated, democracy did not occur magically or by fortunate happenstance.\u00a0 Like other major breakthroughs in human adaptation, democracy had antecedents that laid the groundwork. \u00a0 Of course, the city-state of Athens practiced direct democracy among certain privileged citizens.\u00a0 In other words, these citizens voted directly on public matters brought before them.\u00a0 The flourishing of Greek Civilization during its classical phase provided an indelible marker for all political thinkers who followed.\u00a0 The example of Socrates and writings of Plato and Aristotle and others provided a record for later political theorists to consider as a model for structuring society.\r\n\r\nFollowing the Black Plague, which marked the nadir of the \u201cDark Ages\u201d in Europe, societies experienced new economic and cultural activity.\u00a0 The energy began around merchant cities of Italy where individuals enjoyed a limited amount of personal freedom.\u00a0 This movement, which blossomed into the Renaissance, marked a period of cultural activity, which rested on the notion of humanism:\u00a0 individuals had value and were unique.\u00a0 They could express those qualities through literature and art.\u00a0 Humanists believed people could live honorably on earth rather than merely preparing for the afterlife.\r\n\r\nAs the individual moved from the periphery toward center stage, political philosophers began making the case for greater political power.\u00a0 John Locke\u2019s Two Treatises of Government <\/u>published in 1689 outlined the idea that government rested on the consent of the governed.\u00a0 However, he argued such a government need not be democratic so long as a social contract existed between the ruler and ruled.\u00a0 During the course of several centuries, the individual evolved from object under the control of others to independent being with free will and unique value.\u00a0 These developments provided a framework that allowed the Founding Fathers and others to see an alternative path to governing society.\r\n\r\n1776 and the Birth of a New Paradigm<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt is no coincidence that Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence the same year Adam Smith published Wealth of Nations<\/u>.\u00a0 Both works acknowledged a fundamentally new place the individual held in society. Rather than an object compelled to action by other forces, the individual held agency and played a central role in governing society when that agency was aggregated writ large.\r\n\r\n1776 offers a decisive point in time to describe this new paradigm as reflected in these two documents.\u00a0 While the purpose of those works was different, both offered important insights into the new social order. The Declaration of Independence provided the legal justification for breaking with English rule.\u00a0 Nowhere does the Declaration mention the word democracy. It avoids lofty statements about what government should be.\u00a0 Instead, it relies heavily on John Locke\u2019s theory of social contract, arguing that the role of government is to secure \u201cthe unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\u201d It continues, \u201cThat whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying the foundation on such principle and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall see most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe Declaration then launches into England\u2019s \u201clong train of abuses and usurpations\u201d to justify the colonies\u2019 right to \u201cthrow off such Government.\u201d\u00a0 This is where the Declaration lays the foundation for democracy, arguing that citizens should not only consent to be governed but should have a say in government.\u00a0 By this time, most colonies elected members to a legislative body.\u00a0 Many of the items listed in the \u201ctrain of abuses\u201d concerned England\u2019s dissolution of, interference with or general ignoring of these elected bodies.\u00a0 In other words, Jefferson justified independence on England\u2019s failure to secure unalienable rights reflected in the colonies\u2019 increasing desire for self-government.\r\n\r\nThe same forces that revealed to Jefferson and other Founders the new role individuals could play in directing society, were becoming plain to others at this time \u2013 even in other fields.\u00a0 No one had a better understanding of this concept in the economic realm than Adam Smith.\u00a0 In Wealth of Nations<\/u>, he observed the benefits accruing to society from the cumulative self-interested actions of individuals.\u00a0 Such actions optimized efficiencies, production and specialization in an economy.\u00a0 His famous analogy of \u201can invisible hand\u201d underscores the power of individuals acting in their own self-interest:\r\n
\"As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value, every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can ... He intends his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, [led] by an invisible hand to promote an end which was not part of his intention ...\u00a0 By pursuing his own interest he<\/u>\u00a0frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really means to promote it<\/u>.\"<\/blockquote>\r\nThe Founding Fathers were familiar with Smith\u2019s writing.\u00a0 Benjamin Franklin was a personal friend of Adam Smith. \u00a0 Unlike Smith, who taught economics at the University of Edinburgh, the Founding Fathers lived in a new land.\u00a0 They had the good fortune of imagining a new political structure free from the legacy of monarchs and other forms of central government.\u00a0 As Americans, we tend to focus on one phrase in the Declaration of Independence \u2013 \u201clife, liberty and the pursuit of happiness\u201d \u2013 as if the Founding Fathers were solely guided by high minded principles.\u00a0 In reality, the Founders recognized through their own experience with self-government, increasing economic independence and reading of prior precedents that the individual now had the capacity to participate in directing society without creating instability or undermining it.\u00a0 Their efforts in response to conditions on the ground produced a new paradigm.\r\n\r\nA Collective Brain<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSo what gives democracy a radical advantage over other forms of government?\u00a0 Rather than a few making decisions about the direction of society, a democracy gathers input from a multitude of sources and channels it into collective decision-making.\u00a0 Direction comes from the act of voting in an election.\u00a0 This act affords a mechanism to aggregate the sentiment of the public on the future direction of society.\u00a0 When all citizens have an equal opportunity to express their individual viewpoint at the ballot box, the collective and diverse views of the populace are expressed.\u00a0 The compilation of such views optimizes political decision-making in the best interest of society.\u00a0 Studies going back more than a century show that when given a problem to solve, a large group has much greater success at solving it than a few -- even if those few are \u201cexperts.\u201d\r\n\r\nOne of the best descriptions of this phenomena is The Wisdom of Crowds<\/u> by James Surowiecki.\u00a0 His book describes four conditions that make the decisions of large groups so effective:\u00a0 diversity of opinion<\/u> (each person should have some private information, even if it is just an eccentric interpretation of the known facts), independence <\/u>(opinions are not determined by the opinion of those around them), decentralization<\/u> (people are able to draw on local knowledge), and aggregation<\/u> (some mechanism exists for turning private judgments into a collective decision).\r\n\r\nUnder these conditions, judgment expressed by the group is more likely to be accurate over time than any individual or subset of people.\u00a0 Simply stated, the average of the opinions cancels out the outliers, arriving at the optimal outcome.\u00a0 Democracy meets this test.\u00a0 Of course, voting on representatives who will make policy decisions has no objective standard for right or wrong.\u00a0 Nevertheless, an election typically presents voters with a central problem or set of issues (jobs, health care, crime, taxes, etc.) and potential solutions.\u00a0 Polling helps to test these issues and solutions, ensuring campaigns craft messages that resonate with the electorate.\u00a0Ultimately, voters weigh all of the information \u2013 much of which has nothing to do with policy prescriptions \u2013 and make a judgment about which candidate will best solve the problems determined to be the highest priority.\r\n\r\nThis process makes democracy more resilient, more adaptive and better at aligning leadership with priorities than other forms of government.\u00a0 By tapping into the insights of a diverse, independent and decentralized populace, democracy can identify and adopt policies that harmonize with the needs of the group.\u00a0 As in so many other fields, the judgment of the many has a much better track record than that of the few.\u00a0 This process makes democracy a revolutionary and effective system for guiding society.\r\n\r\nIn Wisdom of the Crowd<\/u>, Surowiecki focuses on certain types of problems to make his argument.\u00a0 The first kind of problem is cognitive \u2013 ones that may not have a single right answer, but where some answers are clearly better than others (e.g., \u201cHow likely is it a drug will be approved by the FDA\u201d).\u00a0 He points to coordination problems as the second type.\u00a0 These problems require groups to coordinate behavior such as how to drive safely in heavy traffic.\u00a0 The final problem is cooperation.\u00a0 How do you get people to work together when it is not in their individual interest (e.g., paying taxes or stopping pollution).\u00a0 Across all of these problems, the author provides ample evidence that large, diverse crowds acting independently find the best result.\r\n\r\nThe book largely avoids political questions because they lack clear and objective solutions.\u00a0 Nevertheless, in the final chapter, Surowiecki speculates about the relevancy of these principles in the context of government.\u00a0 He notes that democracy may not be a way of solving cognitive problems or even of revealing the public interest:\r\n
\"But it is a way of dealing with (if not solving once and for all) the most fundamental problems of cooperation and coordination. How do we live together?\u00a0 How can living together work to our mutual benefit?\u00a0 Democracy helps people answer those questions because the democratic experience is.\u00a0 an experience of not getting everything you want.\u00a0 It\u2019s an experience of seeing your opponents win and get what you hoped to have, and of accepting it, because you believe that they will not destroy the things you value and because you know you will have another chance to get what you want.\"<\/blockquote>\r\nIn other words, democracy provides a mechanism for society to direct the actions of government consistent with the priorities of the people as expressed by a majority at a given time.\u00a0 Individually, the people may not have a clue about the detailed policy solutions on the table but collectively they possess super-computing intelligence.\r\n\r\nJames Madison understood this aspect of democracy.\u00a0 Why should a new nation put its trust in individuals subject to all manner of self-interested and divergent passions rather than a king?\u00a0 In Federalist 10, Madison answers the question.\u00a0 He argues a representative democracy, especially one large enough to capture a multitude of fractious viewpoints, can \u201crefine and enlarge the public views by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, which wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country and whole patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial consideration.\u201d\u00a0 Democracy harnesses the distributed perspective of the individual for the good of society.\u00a0 That is its first major innovation.\r\n\r\nConclusion<\/strong>\r\n\r\nUnderstandably, we attribute special importance to the concept of democracy.\u00a0 Americans are justifiably proud of the role this nation played as the crucible of democracy.\u00a0 However, it is easy to accept the Constitution as \u201clightning in a jar\u201d \u2013 as the product of a unique event in the annals of history.\u00a0 This view of America\u2019s founding can be crippling because it entices us into a cartoonish version of history and diminishes the lessons that can be applied today. By understanding democracy as human adaptation, we can appreciate it as a remarkable step forward in bringing efficiency, cohesion and strength to a society.\u00a0 More importantly we can identify the norms, practices and core principles that define democracy.\u00a0 The first innovation central to democracy revolves around the role of the individual in charting the direction of a society.\u00a0 We now know that large numbers of individuals acting in an independent and decentralized manner make better decisions than a few \u2013 even a few with specialized knowledge.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\nMack Paul is a member of the state advisory board of Common Cause NC and a founding partner of Morningstar Law Group.<\/em>\r\n\r\nParts in this series:\r\n\r\nIntroduction: Building Democracy 2.0<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 1: What Is Democracy and Why Is It Important?<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 2: How the Idea of Freedom Makes the First Innovation Possible<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 3: The Second Innovation that Gave Rise to Modern Democracy<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 4: The Rise and Function of Political Parties \u2013 Setting the Record Straight<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 5: How Political Parties Turned Conflict into a Productive Force<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 6: Parties and the Challenge of Voter Engagement<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 7: The Progressive Movement and the Decline of Parties in America<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 8: Rousseau and \u2018the Will of the People\u2019<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 9: The Dark Secret of Majority\u00a0Voting<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 10: The Promise of Proportional\u00a0Voting<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 11: Majorities, Minorities and Innovation in Electoral\u00a0Design<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 12: The Misdirected Attempts at Electoral Reform in\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.<\/a>\r\n\r\nPart 13: Building Democracy 2.0: The Uses and Abuses of Redistricting in American Democracy<\/a>"}}]},"yoast_head":"\nBuilding Democracy 2.0: What Is Democracy and Why Is It Important? 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