{"id":14106,"date":"2019-10-17T16:44:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-17T20:44:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/resources\/whitewashing-representation\/"},"modified":"2024-07-10T15:58:17","modified_gmt":"2024-07-10T19:58:17","slug":"representation-de-blanchiment","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/fr\/resources\/whitewashing-representation\/","title":{"rendered":"Repr\u00e9sentation blanchissante"},"template":"","class_list":["post-14106","resource","type-resource","status-publish","hentry","resource_type-report"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"Partisan operatives are trying to change how electoral districts are drawn, in a radical effort to undermine our representative democracy.","featured_image":"","resource_type":150,"authors":"","related_issues":[138,2066,103],"related_work":[188],"location":46},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":"","name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Partisan operatives are trying to change how electoral districts are drawn, in a radical effort to undermine our representative democracy. By law, electoral districts must have about the same number of people, and state leaders draw those boundaries based on total population counts. But a group of party leaders at the national and state level have been plotting to draw state legislative and congressional districts based solely on the citizen voting-age population (CVAP)\u2014a move that they believe would be advantageous to white voters and harm areas where more people of color, legal residents, immigrants and children live.\r\n\r\nThese secret efforts manifested in the Trump Administration\u2019s quest to whitewash our representation by demanding that the 2020 Census include a citizenship question. He abandoned that effort after a U.S. Supreme Court loss and instead issued an executive order demanding several federal agencies provide all their information \u2013 that is, administrative data \u2013 on citizenship status to the Census Bureau. He ordered the Bureau to combine this administrative data with data from the decennial census and the American Community Survey (ACS) in order to identify non-citizens residing in the United States. The Census Bureau plans to send the aggregate data to states for redistricting.\r\n\r\nIn recently revealed documents, Dr. Thomas Hofeller, the Republican gerrymandering strategist behind many of the most controversial gerrymandered maps, analyzed and concluded that basing redistricting on citizens aged 18 and over, would \u201cbe advantageous to Republicans and Non-Hispanic Whites.\u201d He recognized that this move away from using a count of the total U.S. population would be a \u201cradical departure from the federal \u2018one person, one vote\u2019 rule\u201d that underlies our representative democracy.\r\n\r\nHofeller stated creating this racial and partisan advantage by removing millions of American residents could only be achieved by collecting citizenship data at the census block level. (More information on the Hofeller Files found ici<\/a>.)\r\n\r\nUsing citizen voting age data to draw districts will exclude millions of young people and people of color, violates the Constitution and undermines the principles of equal representation that our country strives towards. Understanding the intricacies of what administrative data is, how it is used and what challenges can arise from its use in the 2020 Census gives advocates the tools to fight back."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

Les points \u00e0 retenir du rapport sont les suivants :<\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Les donn\u00e9es administratives sur la citoyennet\u00e9 ne doivent pas \u00eatre fusionn\u00e9es avec les donn\u00e9es du recensement de 2020 dans les fichiers de red\u00e9coupage qui sont envoy\u00e9s aux \u00c9tats, car les donn\u00e9es seront utilis\u00e9es par des agents partisans pour justifier la distorsion des circonscriptions \u00e9lectorales d\u2019une mani\u00e8re qui, selon les termes de Thomas Hofeller, est \u00ab avantageuse pour les r\u00e9publicains et les blancs non hispaniques \u00bb.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. L\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es du recensement de 2020 et de l\u2019American Community Survey ne doit pas \u00eatre entach\u00e9e par des donn\u00e9es administratives inexactes et peu fiables sur l\u2019\u00e9volution du statut d\u2019immigration des personnes. Les donn\u00e9es administratives sur la citoyennet\u00e9 aggraveront le sous-d\u00e9nombrement des enfants et des personnes de couleur.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Il existe d\u2019importantes protections juridiques qui interdisent le partage et l\u2019utilisation des donn\u00e9es du recensement pour cibler des individus, mais il existe des risques dont les d\u00e9fenseurs doivent \u00eatre conscients et vigilants.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nVous avez une question \u00e0 laquelle vous ne trouvez pas de r\u00e9ponse ici ? Envoyez un e-mail \u00e0 Keshia Morris \u00e0 kmorris@commoncause.org<\/a> ou Suzanne Almeida \u00e0 salmeida@commoncause.org.<\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    Donn\u00e9es de recensement 101<\/h2>\r\n

    Qu\u2019est-ce que le recensement et quelles donn\u00e9es collecte-t-il ?<\/h3>\r\nLe recensement d\u00e9cennal, effectu\u00e9 tous les 10 ans comme l'exige la Constitution des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/a>, est un d\u00e9compte total de toutes les personnes vivant aux \u00c9tats-Unis dans leur \u00ab r\u00e9sidence habituelle \u00bb au moment du recensement. Les donn\u00e9es du recensement sont principalement collect\u00e9es au moyen d'un questionnaire abr\u00e9g\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 \u00e0 chaque r\u00e9sidence aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Le formulaire demande le nombre de personnes qui vivent \u00e0 chaque endroit, la race et l'origine ethnique de ces personnes et d'autres donn\u00e9es tr\u00e8s \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires. Les donn\u00e9es agr\u00e9g\u00e9es collect\u00e9es par le recensement sont utilis\u00e9es \u00e0 de nombreuses fins dans les communaut\u00e9s commerciales, philanthropiques et \u00e0 but non lucratif, mais leur objectif principal est de r\u00e9partir la repr\u00e9sentation des \u00c9tats au Congr\u00e8s, d'ex\u00e9cuter le red\u00e9coupage des circonscriptions des \u00c9tats et de distribuer des milliards de dollars f\u00e9d\u00e9raux."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    Plus d'informations sur le recensement d\u00e9cennal<\/h3>\r\n \r\n\r\nApprendre encore plus<\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    Que sont les \u00eelots de recensement, les groupes d\u2019\u00eelots et les secteurs de recensement?<\/h3>\r\nLe Bureau du recensement d\u00e9finit trois niveaux g\u00e9ographiques. Le plus petit niveau, un \u00eelot de recensement<\/a>, is a small geographical area bordered by visible features (such as roads, streets, streams and railroad tracks) and invisible features (such as property lines and boundaries for city, township, school district and county). In cities, census blocks can be thought of as a small city block, with streets binding it on all sides. In suburban areas, census blocks can look more irregular and spread out in area, and are bounded by streams, roads and other geographical limits. In more remote areas, census blocks can be a collection of hundreds of square miles of land. An article within a newspaper serves as a helpful analogy to imagine census blocks. Going from a small to wide frame, a newspaper has single articles, sections for different subjects and the entire newspaper itself. A census block is more like a single article, a collection of words bound to that article itself, and its size ranges from large to small. Census blocks are not delineated by their population size. Many census blocks do not have anyone living in them at all, but they generally range from a population of zero to several hundred people per census block. There are about 8.2 million total census blocks in the U.S. and Puerto Rico.\r\n\r\nThe next largest geography level involves groupes de blocs<\/strong>, d\u00e9fini dans le Federal Register<\/a> as \u201cstatistical geographic subdivisions of a census tract defined for the tabulation and presentation of data from the decennial census and selected other statistical programs.\u201d Block groups typically contain 600 to 3,000 people, or at least 240 housing units at minimum. Or they contain 1,200 housing units at maximum and are a collection of census blocks. Census block groups may not cross county or state lines, or their geographical equivalent. Block groups are analogous to the sections of a newspaper, which are a collection of articles confined to an area of the newspaper and based on specific subjects. These sections also vary in size, similar to how census blocks vary in size. The United States, including Puerto Rico, has 211,267 block groups.\r\n\r\nThe largest census geography level is known as a census tract. Tracts are county subdivisions, but they can cross city and town lines. These generally contain 1,000 to 8,000 people and are a collection of block groups. Census tracts are analogous to the newspaper itself. Newspapers vary in length, but they all have articles and sections nested within them.\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

    Plus d'informations sur les zones g\u00e9ographiques du recensement<\/h3>\r\nApprendre encore plus<\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    Qu'advient-il des donn\u00e9es du recensement une fois que le Bureau du recensement les re\u00e7oit ?<\/h3>\r\nUne fois qu'un m\u00e9nage remplit son formulaire de recensement, que ce soit en ligne, sur papier ou par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, le Bureau du recensement crypte les donn\u00e9es et supprime toutes les informations personnelles identifiables<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nIt is then aggregated and run through additional privacy protection algorithms. By the end of the year in which the census is taken, the aggregate data must be sent to the president (for apportionment). By the following April, the aggregate data must be sent to the states (for redistricting).\r\n\r\nCensus data gathered during the census is used to determine which states gain or lose seats in the House (apportionment), votes in the Electoral College and to redraw congressional, legislative and local districts (redistricting). Census data is also used to allocate hundreds of billions of dollars in federal funding for services, such as health care, education and affordable housing. Businesses rely heavily on the data to make decisions about where to open stores based on population and demographics.\r\n

    Comment s'effectue la r\u00e9partition ?<\/h3>\r\nApportionment \u2014 or the dividing of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the states, based on total population \u2014 is the primary purpose of the decennial census. The Census Bureau determines the final apportionment and delivers it to the president through the secretary of commerce. The president provides the final apportionment to Congress by December (and in the case of the 2020 Census, by December 31, 2020).\r\n\r\nTo create the final apportionment result, the Census Bureau receives, verifies and tallies the data to create a final resident population file. This file is combined with the count of feder\u00adally affiliated overseas residents (i.e., people who are stationed as military or independent contractors for the federal government). Apportionment calculation formulas are applied to these data and then validated to create the final apportionment results. These results are then independently verified and validated and then used to create the Tableaux de r\u00e9partition d\u00e9finitifs<\/a>, qui pr\u00e9sente la population par \u00c9tat, le nombre correspondant de si\u00e8ges \u00e0 la Chambre des repr\u00e9sentants des \u00c9tats-Unis et l'\u00e9volution depuis le recensement pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent.\r\n

    Comment les \u00c9tats utilisent-ils les donn\u00e9es du recensement pour le red\u00e9coupage des circonscriptions ?<\/h3>\r\nAfter each census, states use the aggregate popula\u00adtion data to draw legisla\u00adtive and congressional vot\u00ading districts with relatively equal populations. Federal law contains different equal population requirements for congressional districts and state legislative districts, but the equal population requirements in both cases are driven by what the U.S. Supreme Court has dubbed the \u201cone person, one vote\u201d principle.\r\n\r\n\u201cThe history of the Constitution, particularly that part of it relating to the adoption of Art. I, \u00a7 2, reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that, no matter what the mechanics of an election, whether statewide or by districts, it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives.\u201d \u2013Supreme Court in Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U. S. 9 (1964)\r\n\r\nAccording to the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) states can determine what data they use for redistricting. Vingt et un \u00c9tats<\/a> Les \u00c9tats ont des dispositions l\u00e9gales explicites qui obligent les l\u00e9gislatures des \u00c9tats \u00e0 utiliser uniquement les donn\u00e9es du recensement d\u00e9cennal pour \u00e9tablir les circonscriptions. Dix-sept \u00c9tats ont une d\u00e9pendance \u00ab implicite dans la pratique \u00bb aux donn\u00e9es du recensement. Six \u00c9tats autorisent l\u2019utilisation du recensement ou d\u2019autres donn\u00e9es pour le red\u00e9coupage des circonscriptions, et six \u00c9tats ont des r\u00e8gles uniques concernant le d\u00e9coupage des circonscriptions.\r\n

    Quelles donn\u00e9es la loi f\u00e9d\u00e9rale exige-t-elle de partager avec les \u00c9tats pour le red\u00e9coupage des circonscriptions ?<\/h3>\r\nSous Loi publique 94-171<\/a>, the federal government must transmit population tabulation data obtained in the decennial census to each state for use in state legislative redistricting. Pop­ulation tabulations are summary tables with the racial, social and economic characteristics of the people who live in a geographic area. The levels of geography that Public Law 94-171 tabulations summarize range from census-defined geographies (e.g., census blocks, block groups and census tracts) to political geographies that states request (e.g., election precincts, wards, and state house and Senate districts).1\r\n\r\nThe law requires the Census Bureau to provide population data only down to the census block level, but since the start of the Census Redistricting Data Program for the 1980 Census, the Census Bureau has included summaries on larger racial groups,2 cross-tabulated by Hispanic\/ non-Hispanic origin and age (18 years old and over).3 The <strong>Loi publique 94-171 de 2010<\/strong> Les données récapitulatives comprennent également des informations sur le statut d&#039;occupation du logement, par exemple si un logement est vacant et si quelqu&#039;un loue ou possède le logement. Ces résumés sont calculés au niveau du bloc de recensement lorsque cela est possible, mais sont également calculés, à la demande des législatures des États, pour les circonscriptions électorales, les quartiers et les districts de la Chambre des représentants et du Sénat de l&#039;État."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_image","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_image":{"image":4029,"width":"medium"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Le d\u00e9cret du pr\u00e9sident Trump exige que les donn\u00e9es sur la citoyennet\u00e9 soient \u00e9galement envoy\u00e9es aux \u00c9tats dans le cadre du fichier de red\u00e9coupage des circonscriptions \u00e9lectorales. Ces donn\u00e9es seront disponibles jusqu'au niveau du bloc de recensement, mais les \u00c9tats peuvent \u00e9galement demander les donn\u00e9es pour d'autres zones g\u00e9ographiques.\r\n\r\n(Trouvez plus d'informations sur ce qui est inclus dans le <\/span>fichier de donn\u00e9es de red\u00e9coupage<\/a> et plus d'informations sur <\/span>Loi publique 94-171<\/a>.)<\/span>\r\n

    Comment les donn\u00e9es de citoyennet\u00e9 sont-elles utilis\u00e9es dans le red\u00e9coupage des circonscriptions pour faire respecter la loi sur le droit de vote ?<\/h3>\r\nIn most states, citizenship data is not used in drawing maps, but is used to evaluate districts under the Voting Rights Act (VRA) by establishing the citizen voting age population (CVAP). CVAP is the number of people living in a specific area, such as a census block or congressional district, who are citizens aged 18 or older. That data is currently obtained from the American Community Survey (ACS).\r\n\r\nHistorically, CVAP data from the ACS has been used to determine the size and location of mi\u00adnority populations to ensure compliance with the VRA. Section 2 of the VRA prohibits states and political subdivisions from employing voting practices, standards and procedures that discriminate against any United States citizen on the basis of race, color or religion. Such dis\u00adcrimination includes the drawing of district lines in a manner that dilutes the political power of minority populations.\r\n\r\nTo establish that a districting plan violates Section 2, the minority group must demonstrate that the plan lacks one or more districts in which the minority group can elect its candidate of choice, despite the fact (1) that \u201cit is sufficiently large and geographically compact to con\u00adstitute a majority in a single-member district\u201d; (2) that it is \u201cpolitically cohesive\u201d; and (3) that \u201cthe white majority votes sufficiently as a bloc to enable it ... usually to defeat the minority\u2019s preferred candidate\u201d.4\r\n

    Comment d\u00e9terminons-nous la population citoyenne en \u00e2ge de voter ?<\/h3>\r\nActuellement, la population en \u00e2ge de voter (\u00e9galement appel\u00e9e \u00ab population \u00e9ligible au vote \u00bb) provient de l\u2019American Community Survey (ACS). L\u2019ACS est men\u00e9e par le Bureau du recensement et utilise un \u00e9chantillonnage pour solliciter des r\u00e9ponses de m\u00e9nages s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s au hasard chaque ann\u00e9e. Apr\u00e8s le recensement de 2000, l\u2019ACS a remplac\u00e9 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments du formulaire long du recensement questionnaire<\/a> with a questionnaire that goes to a smaller sampling of households on an annual basis. The ACS asks respondents about themselves and their communities, including questions about their jobs and occupations, educational attainment, veteran status and rent or home ownership status. Since its conception, the ACS has inquired about citizenship, and race by Hispanic\/ non-Hispanic origin.\r\n\r\n(Find more information on the Enqu\u00eate sur la communaut\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine<\/a>.)"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

    Donn\u00e9es administratives 101<\/h2>\r\n

    Qu'est-ce qu'une donn\u00e9e administrative ? <\/strong><\/h3>\r\nLes donn\u00e9es administratives, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9es \u00ab dossiers administratifs \u00bb, concernent tous les dossiers que les agences collectent et conservent afin d\u2019administrer les programmes qu\u2019elles g\u00e8rent. Le site Web du Bureau du recensement fournit un aper\u00e7u<\/a> Ce que sont les donn\u00e9es administratives et comment elles sont utilis\u00e9es \u00e0 des fins de recensement. Ces donn\u00e9es comprennent des dossiers des gouvernements f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, \u00e9tatiques et locaux et, parfois, des donn\u00e9es d'entit\u00e9s commerciales.\r\n

    Quelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre les donn\u00e9es administratives, les donn\u00e9es d\u2019enqu\u00eate de l\u2019ACS et le recensement de 2020\u00a0? <\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAdministrative records are data collected from federal agencies. It includes whatever infor\u00admation that agency collects from people who interact with it. It does not include information from people who have not interacted with the agency.\r\n\r\nIn contrast, the American Community Survey is a questionnaire that the Census Bureau sends to some households to get a picture of the general population. Unlike the official decennial census, the Census Bureau does not send the ACS questionnaire to every household in the United States. Instead, it sends a detailed questionnaire to a sample of households that have been randomly selected to represent a cross-section of the country -- about 1 in 38 house\u00adholds each year. This sample helps us understand the changes taking place across the nation.\r\n\r\nThe decennial census is special because it is a questionnaire that is administered to chaque foyer <\/em><\/strong>aux \u00c9tats-Unis, pas seulement dans certains cas. De plus, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que le questionnaire du recensement de 2020 (et de tout recensement d\u00e9cennal) est administr\u00e9 dans un sept mois<\/em><\/strong> p\u00e9riode, cela donne un aper\u00e7u tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cis des Am\u00e9ricains au cours de cette p\u00e9riode.\r\n

    EMPORTER:<\/span> <\/strong>Le recensement nous donne un aper\u00e7u de la d\u00e9mographie am\u00e9ricaine<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Quelles sources de donn\u00e9es administratives seront utilis\u00e9es pour identifier la citoyennet\u00e9 ?<\/h3>\r\nLe d\u00e9cret du pr\u00e9sident Trump \u00e9num\u00e8re les sources suivantes :\r\n