{"id":12003,"date":"2022-06-07T13:25:55","date_gmt":"2022-06-07T17:25:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/resources\/power-shift-how-people-can-take-on-the-nra-report\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T19:51:51","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T23:51:51","slug":"changement-de-pouvoir-comment-les-citoyens-peuvent-ils-reagir-au-rapport-de-la-nra","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/fr\/resources\/power-shift-how-people-can-take-on-the-nra-report\/","title":{"rendered":"Changement de pouvoir : comment les citoyens peuvent r\u00e9agir au rapport de la NRA"},"template":"","class_list":["post-12003","resource","type-resource","status-publish","hentry","resource_type-report"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"Fixing our gun violence problem will require fixing our democracy \u2014 but together, ordinary people can take on the gun lobby and win.","featured_image":"","resource_type":150,"authors":"","related_issues":[2082,137],"related_work":false,"location":46},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":"","name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h3><strong>Pour r\u00e9soudre le probl\u00e8me de la violence arm\u00e9e, il faudra r\u00e9former notre d\u00e9mocratie. Mais ensemble, les citoyens ordinaires peuvent s\u2019attaquer au lobby des armes \u00e0 feu et gagner.<\/strong><\/h3>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 ex\u00e9cutif<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<ul>\r\n \t<li>The NRA\u2019s influence and political success is more than its campaign spending \u2013 it has built a sophisticated organizing operation with a grassroots base. In 2015 it paid more than <strong>$20 million<\/strong> to a single vendor that focuses on building the NRA\u2019s membership.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The NRA\u2019s policy positions do not match some of the core policy preferences of its members. Surveys show that about three-in-four NRA members support universal criminal background checks for all gun sales \u2013 a policy that the NRA vehemently opposes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The gun industry relies on the NRA\u2019s lobbying power as a de facto trade association. Although no definitive number exists, independent estimates show that corporate partners of the NRA have contributed between <strong>$19.3 million<\/strong> and <strong>$60.2 million<\/strong> to the organization, with one firearms retailer declaring that it has contributed at least <strong>$15 million<\/strong> to the NRA\u2019s Institute for Legislative Action.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The NRA\u2019s employees and PAC have contributed about <strong>$23 million<\/strong> directly to federal candidates and parties since 1989, and about <strong>$17 million<\/strong> to state candidates and committees since 1990. Interests favoring tighter gun laws have only contributed about <strong>$4.3 million<\/strong> to federal candidates and parties. <em>(Common Cause analysis of campaign finance and lobbying data relied in part upon tools and analysis made available by the Center for Responsive Politics and the National Institute on Money in State Politics. )<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>But direct campaign contributions are only a drop in the NRA\u2019s bucket compared to its independent spending in recent years. Empowered by the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Citizens United, the NRA reported spending at least <strong>$54 million on independent expenditures during the 2016 federal election cycle.<\/strong> Other estimates put the number closer to <strong>$70 million<\/strong> \u2013 accounting for spending on certain field and internet operations that is not reported on FEC reports. Its reported 2016 election spending was nearly double the <strong>$27 million<\/strong> it spent during the 2014 midterms and more than double the <strong>$19 million<\/strong> it spent during the 2012 presidential election.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>About <strong>$34 million<\/strong> of the <strong>$54 million<\/strong> it spent on independent expenditures in federal elections in 2016 \u2013 <strong>more than 60% of that spending<\/strong> \u2013 flowed through the NRA\u2019s <strong>Institute for Legislative Action<\/strong>, an arm of the NRA that is not required to disclose its donors.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The NRA also lobbies extensively to pursue its agenda \u2013 in recent years it has increased its federal lobbying spending dramatically, from <strong>$1,815,000<\/strong> in 2007 to <strong>$5,122,000<\/strong> in 2017. In addition to its gun-related legislation, the NRA has lobbied against efforts to shine a light on secret spending in politics, including the DISCLOSE Act. The NRA also uses the American Legislative Exchange Council [ALEC] to push its pro-gun laws at the state level<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Although this report does not recommend specific policies to reduce gun violence, it proposes solutions to boost the political power of Americans of every political persuasion, including the overwhelming number of people who support changes to our gun laws to save lives. Solutions include making voting more fair and accessible, including <strong>automatic voter registration, pre-registration for 16- and 17-year olds, and early voting; changing the way we pay for political campaigns to empower all Americans, not just the wealthy few; shining a light on secret spending in politics; <\/strong>and<strong> ending gerrymandering.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"After a lone gunman killed 14 students and three faculty members and wounded more than a dozen others at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, FL, on Valentine\u2019s Day, young survivors of the massacre resolved to tackle the formidable power of the gun lobby across America.\r\n\r\nIn just a few weeks, the Parkland students have captured the nation\u2019s imagination and brought new energy into the long running efforts to regulate gun ownership. They\u2019ve pushed the Florida legislature and Gov. Rick Scott to tighten the state\u2019s gun laws, faced down the president at the White House, and led their fellow students at thousands of high schools across the country in a dramatic, peaceful walkout to demand stronger laws to protect their lives. Now they\u2019re planning a mammoth \u201cMarch for Our Lives\u201d down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, with sibling marches in cities and towns throughout the country and around the globe to demand that lives and safety \u201cbecome a priority and that we end gun violence and mass shootings in our schools today.\u201d\r\n\r\nGun violence is now a leading cause of death in the United States. Every year on average, more than 35,000 people die from gun violence, and another 81,000 survive after being shot, according to the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. <a id=\"return-note-24-1\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Statistiques cl\u00e9s sur la violence arm\u00e9e, Campagne Brady pour la pr\u00e9vention de la violence arm\u00e9e, http:\/\/www.bradycampaign.org\/key-gun-violence-statistics (derni\u00e8re consultation le 10 mars 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> La violence affecte de mani\u00e8re disproportionn\u00e9e les communaut\u00e9s de couleur ; les hommes noirs sont 13 fois plus susceptibles que les hommes blancs d&#039;\u00eatre tu\u00e9s par balle <a id=\"return-note-24-2\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"La violence arm\u00e9e en chiffres, Everytown for Gun Safety, https:\/\/everytownresearch.org\/gun-violence-by-the-numbers\/ (derni\u00e8re consultation le 10 mars 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> et les enfants noirs meurent d&#039;homicides li\u00e9s aux armes \u00e0 feu \u00e0 un taux dix fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que les enfants blancs, selon une \u00e9tude des Centres pour le contr\u00f4le et la pr\u00e9vention des maladies. <a id=\"return-note-24-3\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Emily Weyrauch, \u00ab Les enfants noirs ont 10 fois plus de risques que les enfants blancs de mourir d\u2019une arme \u00e0 feu, selon une \u00e9tude \u00bb, Time, 20 juin 2017, http:\/\/time.com\/4823524\/gun-violence-black-children-study\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-3\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nThe death tolls from single-day mass shootings continue to reach new records. Last year, 58 concertgoers died and another 500 were injured at a country music festival in Las Vegas. The year before, 49 people were shot to death and another 50 injured at an Orlando LGBTQ nightclub. Those mass shootings surpassed the death tolls of the Virginia Tech massacre, which left 32 college students and professors dead in 2007, and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, in which 20 children \u2013 ages six and seven \u2013 and six teachers were murdered in what President Obama called the single worst day of his presidency.\r\n\r\nVarious policies to tighten gun laws enjoy wide support. According to a February 2018 poll by Quinnipiac University, \u201csupport for universal background checks, a mandatory waiting period for firearm purchases, and an assault weapon ban came in at 97%, 83%, and 67% respectively.\u201d <a id=\"return-note-24-4\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Jamie Ducharme, \u00ab Plus d\u2019Am\u00e9ricains que jamais soutiennent des lois plus strictes sur les armes \u00e0 feu, selon un sondage \u00bb, Time, 20 f\u00e9vrier 2018, http:\/\/time.com\/5167216\/americans-gun-control-support-poll-2018\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-4\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nIf our political system worked as intended, with everyone enjoying an equal voice in the decisions that affect our lives, our families and our communities, such a combination of facts, backed by public opinion, already would have yielded substantial changes in our gun laws.\r\n\r\nBut the truth is that our system has been thrown out of balance by the power of moneyed interests, including the gun lobby and the weapons industry. In many places \u2013 especially Congress \u2013 many with the power to act instead express their \u201cthoughts and prayers\u201d and move on without making any substantive changes to our laws.\r\n\r\nMany cite the National Rifle Association\u2019s political spending as an explanation for our elected leaders\u2019 intransigence on this issue. And with good reason \u2013 the NRA boasts that it has 5 million members (a number that some dispute) and spends tens of millions of dollars on politics. <a id=\"return-note-24-5\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Christopher Ingraham, \u00ab Personne ne sait combien de membres compte la NRA, mais ses d\u00e9clarations de revenus offrent quelques indices \u00bb, Washington Post, 26 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2018\/02\/26\/nobody-knows-how-many-members-the-nra-has-but-its-tax-returns-offer-some-clues\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> But as this report makes clear, the NRA\u2019s power goes beyond its campaign spending. It has created a sophisticated grassroots operation to push its agenda in statehouses and in Congress.\r\n\r\nThe NRA\u2019s political influence, however, is no match for the power of the American voter \u2013 provided we make our voices heard at every election, and if we solve some underlying governance challenges that skew policy in favor of wealthy special interests.\r\n\r\nThis report examines critical aspects of the NRA\u2019s perceived influence, and is intended to suggest solutions that will rebalance power to ensure that our democracy is responsive to our needs. This report does not recommend specific policies to reduce gun violence \u2013 but proposes solutions to boost the political power of Americans of every political persuasion \u2013 including the overwhelming number of people who support changes to our gun laws to save lives."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>The NRA\u2019s Organizing & Membership Base<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Voters hold the ultimate power in a democracy. Organized voters have more power than unorganized ones. The NRA\u2019s influence and political success extends beyond campaign contributions and independent expenditures and into political organizing and mobilizing of a grassroots base of voters who are known to vote frequently and follow the recommendations of the organization.\r\n\r\nKey to the power of the NRA and its affiliates is their grassroots base. The NRA claims \u201cnearly five million members,\u201d <a id=\"return-note-24-6\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Une br\u00e8ve histoire de la NRA, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/home.nra.org\/about-the-nra\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-6\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> mais ce chiffre est impossible \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier et l\u2019organisation a int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 rapporter une estimation gonfl\u00e9e ou haut de gamme (incluant les adh\u00e9sions actives \u00ab \u00e0 vie \u00bb de personnes d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9es). <a id=\"return-note-24-7\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Christopher Ingraham, \u00ab Personne ne sait combien de membres compte la NRA, mais ses d\u00e9clarations de revenus offrent quelques indices \u00bb, Washington Post, 26 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2018\/02\/26\/nobody-knows-how-many-members-the-nra-has-but-its-tax-returns-offer-some-clues\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-7\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> Still, the NRA\u2019s membership is perceived by lawmakers as a powerful force that can be mobilized to support \u2013 or defeat \u2013 legislation and candidates.\r\n\r\nThe opinions of NRA members do not necessarily match perfectly with the policies the NRA promotes. While some NRA members join the organization because they support the policy goals and political advocacy, many others join for the extensive benefits and services provided \u2013 including discounted insurance, access to private clubs, a print magazine, and firearms safety classes, to name a few. This helps grow the NRA\u2019s membership ranks and creates a cycle of membership engagement from lifestyle (discounts and a magazine) to politics. <a id=\"return-note-24-8\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Hahrie Han, \u00ab Voulez-vous un contr\u00f4le des armes \u00e0 feu ? Apprenez de la NRA \u00bb, NY Times, 4 octobre 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/10\/04\/opinion\/gun-control-nra-vegas.html.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-8\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> Cependant, apr\u00e8s la fusillade de Parkland, un certain nombre de partenaires commerciaux de la NRA ont r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9 leur relation avec l&#039;organisation. <a id=\"return-note-24-9\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Barbara Goldberg et Gina Cherelus, \u00ab Les partenaires commerciaux coupent le cordon avec la NRA alors que le d\u00e9bat sur le contr\u00f4le des armes fait rage \u00bb, Reuters, 23 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-guns-boycott\/corporate-partners-cut-cord-with-nra-as-gun-control-debate-rages-idUSKCN1G71OX.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-9\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a> It may have a long-term impact.\r\n\r\nIndividuals can become leaders within the NRA as firearms instructors or coaches. With 125,000 instructors <a id=\"return-note-24-10\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Formation sur les armes \u00e0 feu de la NRA, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/firearmtraining.nra.org\/\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-10\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a> (training 1 million people each year) the NRA gives volunteers a significant role in building the organization. NRA members may have joined for the discounts, but are constantly recruited to take leadership roles, as well as join in political activities supporting the NRA leadership\u2019s positions.\r\n\r\nThere\u2019s strong evidence that the NRA\u2019s policy and lobbying priorities reflect the priorities of gun manufacturers more than rank-and-file members.\r\n\r\nThe gun industry relies on the NRA\u2019s lobbying power as a \u201cde facto trade association\u201d according to one expert. <a id=\"return-note-24-11\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"\u00ab Comment l&#039;industrie am\u00e9ricaine des armes \u00e0 feu est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la NRA \u00bb, NPR, 13 mars 2018, https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/03\/13\/593255356\/how-americas-gun-industry-is-tied-to-the-nra.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-11\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> L\u2019opposition \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9largissement des v\u00e9rifications d\u2019ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents \u2013 et \u00e0 d\u2019autres mesures comme le rel\u00e8vement de l\u2019\u00e2ge minimum pour acheter une arme longue ou un fusil d\u2019assaut \u2013 est une priorit\u00e9 de l\u2019industrie des armes \u00e0 feu, qui verra ses profits diminuer avec ces r\u00e9formes. Mais de nombreux sondages (y compris ceux de l\u2019\u00e9minent sondeur r\u00e9publicain Frank Luntz) <a id=\"return-note-24-12\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Edith Honan, \u00ab Un sondage r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les propri\u00e9taires d\u2019armes \u00e0 feu, m\u00eame les membres de la NRA, sont favorables \u00e0 certaines restrictions \u00bb, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-shooting-denver-guns\/poll-finds-gun-owners-even-nra-members-back-some-restrictions-idUSBRE86O02O20120725.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-12\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a>) ont constat\u00e9 qu\u2019environ trois membres de la NRA sur quatre interrog\u00e9s sont favorables \u00e0 des v\u00e9rifications universelles des ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents criminels de toute personne achetant une arme \u00e0 feu, <a id=\"return-note-24-13\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Colleen L. Barry, Ph. D., et al., \u00ab Apr\u00e8s Newtown \u2013 Opinion publique sur la politique relative aux armes \u00e0 feu et la maladie mentale \u00bb, New England Journal of Medicine, 21 mars 2013, http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMp1300512?query=featured_home&amp;.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-13\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> une politique \u00e0 laquelle la NRA s\u2019oppose avec v\u00e9h\u00e9mence. <a id=\"return-note-24-14\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"V\u00e9rification des ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents pour les armes \u00e0 feu, National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action, 8 ao\u00fbt 2016, https:\/\/www.nraila.org\/get-the-facts\/background-checks-nics\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-14\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a> Le syst\u00e8me de notation par lettres de la NRA renforce une approche sans compromis du plaidoyer politique avec la menace que les membres de la NRA voteront pour \u00e9vincer tout fonctionnaire qui n&#039;obtiendra pas une note \u00ab A \u00bb. <a id=\"return-note-24-15\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Eric Lipton et Alexander Burns, \u00ab La v\u00e9ritable source de l&#039;influence de la NRA : la mobilisation, pas les dons \u00bb, 24 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/02\/24\/us\/politics\/nra-gun-control-florida.html.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a> Even if NRA members personally agree with policies like universal background checks, the industry opposition is reflected in the letter grades of candidates.\r\n\r\nEven if a majority of NRA members demanded change, the structure and bylaws of the organization might prevent it. Only those who have been NRA members for at least five years (or have signed up for a lifetime membership) can vote in NRA elections. And NRA officials and members who cross Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre, who is close with the gun industry, are forced out or marginalized. <a id=\"return-note-24-16\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Chris McGreal, \u00ab La NRA n&#039;a pas bien tol\u00e9r\u00e9 la dissidence \u00bb : comment le lobby des armes \u00e0 feu reste fid\u00e8le \u00e0 son message, The Guardian, 23 octobre 2015, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/oct\/23\/national-rifle-association-gun-lobby-wayne-lapierre\/\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-16\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nThe large media presence of the NRA (seven print and online magazines, popular YouTube and other social media channels) also helps it recruit new members and highlights the importance of its political activities. With a constant barrage of stories and commentary that vilifies the NRA\u2019s political opponents and reinforces a feeling that the freedom of gun owners is under attack from powerful forces, the NRA membership is primed and motivated to vote. Some of the NRA\u2019s recent digital videos evince extreme hostility to the media, echoing President Trump\u2019s attacks on journalists and a free press.\r\n\r\nBuilding a grassroots base of support takes significant resources. The NRA paid more than $20 million in 2015 to a single membership-building vendor. <a id=\"return-note-24-17\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Formulaire 990 de l&#039;IRS 2015 pour la National Rifle Association, https:\/\/projects.propublica.org\/nonprofits\/organizations\/530116130.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-17\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> Ses liens avec les entreprises aident \u00e9galement l&#039;organisation \u00e0 accro\u00eetre son nombre de membres. Le financement de la NRA provient des cotisations des membres, ainsi que des dons des fabricants d&#039;armes et des groupes d&#039;int\u00e9r\u00eats politiques ; ce dernier groupe comprend Freedom Partners, soutenu par la famille Koch, qui a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 hauteur d&#039;environ 14,5 millions de livres sterling \u00e0 la NRA en 2014. <a id=\"return-note-24-18\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Center for Responsive Politics, Outside Spending Summary 2016, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/detail.php?cycle=2016&amp;cmte=National+Rifle+Assn (derni\u00e8re consultation le 14 mars 2018). https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/contrib.php?cmte=C90013301&amp;cycle=2016\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-18\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> Bien que la NRA ne divulgue pas de d\u00e9tails sur les dons des acteurs de l&#039;industrie des armes \u00e0 feu, une analyse ind\u00e9pendante du Violence Policy Center montre que depuis 2005, les \u00ab partenaires commerciaux \u00bb (dans le jargon de la NRA) ont fait don entre 19,3 et 60,2 millions de TP4T \u00e0 l&#039;organisation. <a id=\"return-note-24-19\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Violence Policy Center, Blood Money II : Comment l&#039;argent de l&#039;industrie des armes finance la NRA, 13 septembre 2015 http:\/\/www.vpc.org\/studies\/bloodmoney2.pdf.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-19\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a> Une entreprise d&#039;armes \u00e0 feu, MidwayUSA, d\u00e9clare fi\u00e8rement sur son site Web qu&#039;elle a fait don de pr\u00e8s de 14 millions de livres sterling \u00e0 la NRA. <a id=\"return-note-24-20\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Soutenir la NRA, Midway USA, https:\/\/www.midwayusa.com\/nra-support.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-20\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a> La NRA re\u00e7oit \u00e9galement des millions de l\u2019industrie des armes \u00e0 feu pour faire la publicit\u00e9 de ses produits dans ses publications. <a id=\"return-note-24-21\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Walter Hickey, \u00ab Voici qui repr\u00e9sente r\u00e9ellement la NRA \u00bb, Business Insider, 19 d\u00e9cembre 2012, http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/the-nra-has-sold-out-to-the-gun-industry-to-become-their-top-crisis-pr-firm-2012-12.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-21\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a> Le fabricant d&#039;armes Taurus offre une adh\u00e9sion gratuite \u00e0 la NRA avec chaque achat. <a id=\"return-note-24-22\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Merci d&#039;avoir achet\u00e9 une arme \u00e0 feu chez Taurus, https:\/\/www.taurususa.com\/pdf\/NRA\/Taurus-NRA-Free-Membership-Print.pdf.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-22\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>D\u00e9penses \u00e9lectorales de la NRA<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Of the groups and organizations that promote the interests of the gun industry, the NRA is by far the biggest political spender.\r\n\r\nIts spending has increased significantly in recent years. Empowered by the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in <em>Citoyens Unis<\/em> et dans d&#039;autres cas, la NRA d\u00e9pense plus d&#039;argent \u00e0 chaque cycle \u00e9lectoral pour \u00e9lire des candidats qui lui ob\u00e9iront et soutiendront son programme politique, et vaincre ceux qui ne le feront pas. Et surtout, elle peut aussi <em>menacer<\/em> to spend money for and against candidates. The threat alone can advance or stall policy because elected officials fear that the NRA will spend whatever it takes to defeat them.\r\n\r\nSince 1989, the NRA \u2013 measured by money from its PACs and employees \u2013 has contributed approximately <strong>$23 millions<\/strong> directement aux candidats f\u00e9d\u00e9raux, aux partis et \u00e0 d\u2019autres comit\u00e9s politiques, selon le Center for Responsive Politics. <a id=\"return-note-24-23\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Droits aux armes contre contr\u00f4le des armes, Center for Responsive Politics, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/guns (derni\u00e8re consultation le 13 mars 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-23\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a> Son argent soutient presque exclusivement les R\u00e9publicains. Les alli\u00e9s de la NRA comme le Safari Club International, la National Shooting Sports Foundation et Gun Owners of America repr\u00e9sentent la majeure partie des autres dons en faveur des armes \u00e0 feu, pour un total de <strong>$42 millions<\/strong> du lobby pro-armes depuis 1989. <a id=\"return-note-24-24\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Identifiant.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-24\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nAu niveau de l\u2019\u00c9tat, la NRA a contribu\u00e9 au moins <strong>$17 millions<\/strong> aux candidats et aux comit\u00e9s d&#039;\u00c9tat depuis 1990, selon les donn\u00e9es mises \u00e0 disposition par le National Institute on Money in State Politics. <a id=\"return-note-24-25\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Analyse de cause commune des chiffres fournis par le National Institute for Money in State Politics, https:\/\/www.followthemoney.org\/show-me?f-fc=2&amp;d-eid=1854#[{1|gro=y (derni\u00e8re consultation le 14 mars 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-25\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a> Les d\u00e9penses du lobby pro-armes sont exceptionnellement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es que celles des groupes qui sont en faveur de lois plus strictes sur les armes \u00e0 feu \u2013 ces derniers n\u2019ont d\u00e9pens\u00e9 que <strong>$4,3 millions<\/strong> depuis 1989. <a id=\"return-note-24-26\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Droits aux armes contre contr\u00f4le des armes, Center for Responsive Politics, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/guns (derni\u00e8re consultation le 13 mars 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-26\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-176\" src=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/pro-vs-anti-contributions.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1050px) 100vw, 1050px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/pro-vs-anti-contributions.png 1050w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/pro-vs-anti-contributions-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/pro-vs-anti-contributions-768x328.png 768w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/pro-vs-anti-contributions-1024x437.png 1024w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1050\" height=\"448\" \/>\r\n\r\nBut direct contributions per election cycle are only a drop in the NRA\u2019s campaign bucket.\r\n\r\nThe NRA spends most of its election money on \u201cindependent expenditures\u201d \u2013 not campaign contributions. Often, these take the form of paid advertisements calling for the election or defeat of candidates.\r\n\r\nThe NRA greatly boosted its independent spending after the Supreme Court decided Citizens United in 2010; that ruling declared that corporations \u2013 including some nonprofits like the NRA \u2013 have a constitutional right to spend unlimited amounts to influence elections.\r\n\r\nIn the 2016 federal election cycle alone, the NRA spent at least <strong>$54 millions<\/strong> sur les d\u00e9penses ind\u00e9pendantes lors des \u00e9lections f\u00e9d\u00e9rales \u2014 $37 millions contre les d\u00e9mocrates, $17,3 millions pour les r\u00e9publicains et seulement $265 millions pour les d\u00e9mocrates. <a id=\"return-note-24-27\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Center for Responsive Politics, Outside Spending Summary 2016, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/detail.php?cycle=2016&amp;cmte=National+Rifle+Assn (derni\u00e8re consultation le 14 mars 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-27\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a> C&#039;est presque le double de <strong>$27 millions<\/strong> il a d\u00e9pens\u00e9 pendant les \u00e9lections de mi-mandat de 2014 et plus du double de <strong>$19 millions<\/strong> il a pass\u00e9 l&#039;\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 2012. <a id=\"return-note-24-28\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Identifiant.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-28\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a> Les d\u00e9penses ind\u00e9pendantes de la NRA sont bien sup\u00e9rieures aux 14,3 millions de dollars d\u00e9pens\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re ind\u00e9pendante par les groupes qui pr\u00f4nent des lois plus strictes sur les armes \u00e0 feu en 2016, et <strong>$8,6 millions<\/strong> ces groupes ont d\u00e9pens\u00e9 en 2014. <a id=\"return-note-24-29\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Droits aux armes contre contr\u00f4le des armes, Center for Responsive Politics, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/guns (derni\u00e8re consultation le 13 mars 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-29\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-175\" src=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-federal-campaign-spending.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1069px) 100vw, 1069px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-federal-campaign-spending.png 1069w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-federal-campaign-spending-300x156.png 300w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-federal-campaign-spending-768x400.png 768w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-federal-campaign-spending-1024x534.png 1024w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1069\" height=\"557\" \/>\r\n\r\nLa Cour supr\u00eame a affirm\u00e9 que les Am\u00e9ricains ont le droit de savoir qui d\u00e9pense de l&#039;argent pour influencer leur vote et leurs opinions. Huit juges ont soulign\u00e9 l&#039;importance de la divulgation dans <em>Citoyens Unis<\/em>, m\u00eame si le reste de l\u2019avis (qui n\u2019a re\u00e7u le soutien que de cinq juges) a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 \u00e0 quel point la Cour est d\u00e9connect\u00e9e de la mani\u00e8re dont les campagnes sont men\u00e9es en supposant \u00e0 tort qu\u2019une divulgation ad\u00e9quate existe d\u00e9j\u00e0.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<blockquote>\u201cThe court declared, \u2018With the advent of the Internet, prompt disclosure of expenditures can provide shareholders and citizens with the information needed to hold corporations and elected officials accountable for their positions and supporters.\u2019 It also said that disclosure \u2018permits citizens and shareholders to react to the speech of corporate entities in a proper way. This transparency enables the electorate to make informed decisions and give proper weight to different speakers and messages.\u2019 And the court expressed enthusiasm that technology today makes disclosure \u2018rapid and informative.\u2019 What went wrong? The court\u2019s vision of disclosure and transparency is nowhere in sight. In fact, campaign finance in the United States has, by many measures, fallen into an era dominated by \u2018dark money,\u2019 with donors hiding in the shadows and hundreds of millions of dollars of contributions flowing through politics without a trace of who gave it or why.\u201d\r\n\r\nWashington Post Editorial Board, January 20, 2015<\/blockquote>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Unfortunately, any comprehensive analysis of the NRA\u2019s political spending is inherently incomplete. The NRA uses its \u201cInstitute for Legislative Action\u201d [ILA] to do most of its political spending. The ILA is an arm of the NRA that keeps its donors secret. About <strong>$34 million<\/strong> of the <strong>$54 million<\/strong> that the NRA reported to the Federal Election Commission in the 2016 cycle \u2013 <strong>more than 60% of its total<\/strong> \u2013 came through the ILA. <a id=\"return-note-24-30\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Center for Responsive Politics, Outside Spending Summary 2016, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/detail.php?cycle=2016&amp;cmte=National+Rifle+Assn (last accessed March 14, 2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-30\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nSecond, some campaign spending often goes unreported because our laws have not kept pace with how groups use changing technology to influence elections. As McClatchy reported in 2016, \u201ctwo people with close connections to the powerful gun lobby said its total election spending [during the 2016 cycle] actually <strong>approached or exceeded $70 million<\/strong> [far more than the $54 million reported to the FEC]. The reporting gap could be explained by the fact that independent groups are not required to reveal how much they spend on [certain] Internet or field operations, including get-out-the-vote efforts.\u201d <a id=\"return-note-24-31\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Peter Stone and Greg Gordon, \u201cFBI Investigating Whether Russian Money Went to the NRA to Help Trump,\u201d McClatchy, Jan. 23, 2018, http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article195231139.html.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-31\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nThere is also the matter of foreign interference in our elections. The FBI is investigating whether Russian nationals who are close to the Kremlin \u201cfunneled money to the National Rifle Association to help Donald Trump win the election,\u201d according to McClatchy. <a id=\"return-note-24-32\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Id.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-32\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/a> Moreover, \u201ca prominent Kremlin-linked Russian politician has methodically cultivated ties with leaders of the National Rifle Association and documented efforts in real time over six years to leverage those connections and gain deeper access into American politics,\u201d according to NPR. <a id=\"return-note-24-33\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Tim Mak, \u201cDepth of Russian Politician\u2019s Cultivation of NRA Ties Revealed,\u201d NPR, March 1, 2018, https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/03\/01\/590076949\/depth-of-russian-politicians-cultivation-of-nra-ties-revealed.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-33\"><sup>33<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_174\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"963\"]<img class=\"wp-image-174 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-campaign-spending.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 963px) 100vw, 963px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-campaign-spending.png 963w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-campaign-spending-300x285.png 300w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-campaign-spending-768x730.png 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"963\" height=\"915\" \/> Common Cause analysis of data from the Center for Responsive Politics; includes direct contributions to candidates from NRA employees and its PAC as well as indirect support via independent expenditures. Only includes spending from 1989 to the present.[\/caption]"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>D\u00e9penses de lobbying de la NRA<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Lobbying is another strategy that the NRA uses to accomplish its political goals. It is a prolific spender on Capitol Hill.\r\n\r\nIn recent years, the NRA has increased its federal lobbying spending dramatically, going from <strong>$1,815,000<\/strong> in 2007 to <strong>$5,122,000<\/strong> in 2017 \u2014 more than a <strong>182<\/strong>% increase.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1034\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-lobbying-expenditures.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1034px) 100vw, 1034px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-lobbying-expenditures.png 1034w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-lobbying-expenditures-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-lobbying-expenditures-768x440.png 768w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/nra-lobbying-expenditures-1024x587.png 1024w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1034\" height=\"593\" \/> Common Cause analysis of lobbying data from Center for Responsive Politics[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">NRA Federal Lobbying Expenditure<\/p>\r\nIts federal lobbying has secured votes on some of its priorities \u2013 and blocked bills that it opposes.\r\n\r\nSince Congress passed an assault weapons ban in 1994, which it allowed to expire in 2004, not much substantive gun legislation has been signed into law. One exception is the \u201c<strong>Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act;<\/strong>\u201d President George W. Bush signed it in 2005. The law shields corporations which manufacture and sell weapons from liability when their products harm people. The NRA called this legislation a \u201cvitally important first step toward ending the anti-gun lobby\u2019s shameless attempts to bankrupt the American firearms industry.\u201d <a id=\"return-note-24-34\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act,\u201d National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action,\u201d April 1, 2010, https:\/\/www.nraila.org\/articles\/20100401\/protection-of-lawful-commerce-in-arms.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-34\"><sup>34<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nOther gun measures have all failed. The House and Senate have voted on proposals to close the \u201cgun show loophole\u201d to require purchasers at gun shows to undergo background checks and three-day waiting periods. None have gone to the president\u2019s desk.\r\n\r\nOther NRA priorities have gained momentum. In 2017, the House of Representatives passed the \u201c<strong>Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act<\/strong>\u201d to permit concealed handguns across state lines. It awaits action in the Senate. The NRA has pushed this proposal as one of its priority bills.\r\n\r\nThe NRA\u2019s legislative advocacy is not limited to gun-related legislation, however. It has also been a stalwart opponent of the <strong>DISCLOSE Act<\/strong>, legislation that would shine a light on secret money in politics, including the money that is flowing through its Institute for Legislative Action, as discussed above. In 2017 \u2013 a year after it spent $33 million from secret sources influencing the 2016 election \u2013 the NRA listed the DISCLOSE Act as one of the bills it paid its lobbyists to defeat. The DISCLOSE Act is one of the bills that the NRA lists most frequently on its lobbying reports."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Liens entre la NRA et l&#039;American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Much of the NRA\u2019s work occurs at the state level, where it has used the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) to pursue its policy agenda. One of the most notorious laws that the NRA has pushed for the past decade is known as \u201cstand your ground.\u201d\r\n\r\nALEC brings state legislators and corporate lobbyists together behind closed doors to draft and plot the passage of \u201cmodel legislation\u201d that furthers the corporate interests of its members. <a id=\"return-note-24-35\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Mike McIntire, \u00ab Un organisme \u00e0 but non lucratif conservateur agit comme un lobbyiste d\u2019affaires furtif \u00bb, New York Times, 21 avril 2012, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/04\/22\/us\/alec-a-tax-exempt-group-mixes-legislators-and-lobbyists.html.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-35\"><sup>35<\/sup><\/a> ALEC\u2019s state legislative members take the model bills and introduce them in state legislatures throughout the country. ALEC staff offers state legislators talking points, boilerplate press releases, and other support to help push the bills over the finish line. ALEC describes itself as a charity, but Common Cause has filed a whistleblower complaint with the Internal Revenue Service challenging its charitable tax status, which gives ALEC\u2019s corporate donors a tax write-off for their support of the work that ALEC does to influence corporate-backed legislation.\r\n\r\nIn 2005, Florida adopted a \u201cstand your ground\u201d law that grants individuals a right to use deadly force, without any duty to retreat, if they reasonably believe it is necessary to \u201cprevent death or great bodily harm \u2026 or to prevent he commission of a forcible felony.\u201d <a id=\"return-note-24-36\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Conf\u00e9rence nationale des l\u00e9gislatures des \u00c9tats, \u00ab Self Defense and &#039;Stand Your Ground&#039; \u00bb, 9 mars 2017, http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/civil-and-criminal-justice\/self-defense-and-stand-your-ground.aspx\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-36\"><sup>36<\/sup><\/a> En d\u2019autres termes, \u00ab stand your ground \u00bb est une \u00ab doctrine d\u2019autod\u00e9fense permettant essentiellement \u00e0 toute personne se sentant menac\u00e9e lors d\u2019une confrontation de tirer pour s\u2019en sortir \u00bb, selon Mother Jones. <a id=\"return-note-24-37\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Adam Weinstein, \u00ab Comment la NRA et ses alli\u00e9s ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 diffuser une loi radicale sur les armes \u00e0 feu dans tout le pays \u00bb, 7 juin 2012, Mother Jones, https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/politics\/2012\/06\/nra-alec-stand-your-ground\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-37\"><sup>37<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nApr\u00e8s que la Floride a adopt\u00e9 la loi \u00ab Stand Your Ground \u00bb, le vice-pr\u00e9sident ex\u00e9cutif de la NRA de l\u2019\u00e9poque, Wayne LaPierre, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait de \u00ab la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape d\u2019une strat\u00e9gie multi-\u00c9tats. Nous avons un grand vent arri\u00e8re, nous pouvons passer d\u2019une l\u00e9gislature d\u2019\u00c9tat \u00e0 une autre \u00bb. <a id=\"return-note-24-38\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Manuel Roig-Franzia, \u00ab Fla. Gun Law to Expand Liability for Self-Defense \u00bb, 25 avril 2005, Washington Post, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/04\/25\/AR2005042501553.html.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-38\"><sup>38<\/sup><\/a>\r\n\r\nAvec l&#039;aide de l&#039;ALEC, le vent en poupe s&#039;est fait sentir dans tout le pays. Un lobbyiste de la NRA a pris la loi de Floride et a travaill\u00e9 avec les membres de l&#039;ALEC au sein du \u00ab Groupe de travail sur la justice p\u00e9nale \u00bb de l&#039;ALEC pour r\u00e9diger un mod\u00e8le de loi \u00ab stand your ground \u00bb qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 sous diverses formes <a id=\"return-note-24-39\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"John Nichols, \u00ab Comment ALEC a viol\u00e9 la loi de Floride sur le \u00ab permis de tuer \u00bb \u00bb, The Nation, 22 mars 2012, https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/how-alec-took-floridas-license-kill-law-national\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-39\"><sup>39<\/sup><\/a> dans au moins 24 \u00c9tats. <a id=\"return-note-24-40\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Conf\u00e9rence nationale des l\u00e9gislatures des \u00c9tats, \u00ab Self Defense and &#039;Stand Your Ground&#039; \u00bb, 9 mars 2017, http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/civil-and-criminal-justice\/self-defense-and-stand-your-ground.aspx\/.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-40\"><sup>40<\/sup><\/a> La loi de Floride \u00e9tait en cause dans le proc\u00e8s m\u00e9diatis\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9chelle nationale de George Zimmerman, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 acquitt\u00e9 pour l\u00e9gitime d\u00e9fense apr\u00e8s avoir tu\u00e9 Trayvon Martin, un adolescent noir non arm\u00e9, en 2012.<img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-172\" src=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/states-with-stand-your-ground.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1226px) 100vw, 1226px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/states-with-stand-your-ground.png 1226w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/states-with-stand-your-ground-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/states-with-stand-your-ground-768x444.png 768w, https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2018\/03\/states-with-stand-your-ground-1024x591.png 1024w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1226\" height=\"708\" \/>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Des solutions pour r\u00e9\u00e9quilibrer notre d\u00e9mocratie<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Americans continue to organize to advance policies that will safeguard our communities from the crisis of gun violence. With every surge in the shocking violence affecting our towns, neighborhoods, and schools, people renew their pushes for changes to the laws that regulate how guns are bought, sold, and handled.\r\n\r\nDespite the public support they enjoy, most of these proposals stall. People often cite the NRA\u2019s political contributions as a major reason for the ongoing stalemate. And as this report has detailed, the NRA\u2019s organizing power and political spending are significant. Too many politicians are beholden to the NRA and fear its influence in their election.\r\n\r\nThat\u2019s where voters come in.\r\n\r\nOur democracy should be of, by, and for the people. We need to restore balance to our elections, and ensure everyone has an equal voice and equal say in the decisions that affect our lives \u2013 including laws that protect our schools, our homes, and our communities from gun violence.\r\n\r\nWorking together, we can strengthen our democracy to make our leaders more responsive to their real bosses \u2013 we the people. Here are five concrete solutions to shift power away from special interests like the NRA and empower the rest of us. There is more we must do \u2013 but here are places we can start to make our democracy more accountable and reflective.\r\n\r\n<strong>1. Inscrivez-vous et votez !<\/strong> Le vote est l\u2019outil le plus important dont nous disposons en tant que citoyens pour demander des comptes \u00e0 nos \u00e9lus. Nos votes nous rendent tous \u00e9gaux et plus puissants que nous ne le pensons \u2013 mais seulement si nous nous pr\u00e9sentons et les exprimons. Dans de nombreuses juridictions, vous pouvez vous inscrire pour voter en ligne. D\u2019autres endroits peuvent vous demander d\u2019envoyer un formulaire d\u2019inscription \u00e9lectorale par courrier ou de l\u2019apporter \u00e0 votre bureau \u00e9lectoral local. Dans de nombreux \u00c9tats, les jeunes peuvent se \u00ab pr\u00e9inscrire \u00bb pour voter avant d\u2019avoir 18 ans. Vous pouvez d\u00e9couvrir comment vous inscrire dans votre \u00c9tat en vous rendant sur <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vote.org\/\">http:\/\/www.vote.org\/<\/a>. Si vous avez des probl\u00e8mes pour vous inscrire ou si vous avez des questions sur le vote, notamment sur le type de pi\u00e8ce d&#039;identit\u00e9 que vous devrez peut-\u00eatre apporter aux urnes, les r\u00e8gles du vote anticip\u00e9 et l&#039;emplacement de votre bureau de vote, vous pouvez appeler une ligne d&#039;assistance t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique non partisane pour la protection des \u00e9lections g\u00e9r\u00e9e par la Coalition pour la protection des \u00e9lections. Le num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone est le 866-OUR-VOTE ; vous pouvez \u00e9galement consulter le site Internet de la Coalition pour la protection des \u00e9lections \u00e0 l&#039;adresse <a href=\"http:\/\/www.866ourvote.org\/\">www.866OurVote.org<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<strong>2. Exhortez votre \u00c9tat \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre des politiques visant \u00e0 moderniser la mani\u00e8re dont les Am\u00e9ricains peuvent participer au processus de vote. Ces politiques comprennent la pr\u00e9inscription pour les jeunes de 16 et 17 ans, l&#039;inscription automatique sur les listes \u00e9lectorales et le vote anticip\u00e9.<\/strong> Chaque Am\u00e9ricain \u00e9ligible a le droit de voter et le processus doit refl\u00e9ter la mani\u00e8re dont nous vivons et travaillons au 21e si\u00e8cle. Le vote doit \u00eatre pratique, s\u00e9curis\u00e9, \u00e9quitable et accessible \u00e0 tous les Am\u00e9ricains. Cela signifie adopter et mettre en \u0153uvre des politiques innovantes pour simplifier le processus d&#039;inscription et moderniser l&#039;administration \u00e9lectorale.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Inscription automatique des \u00e9lecteurs<\/strong> Cette mesure contribuera \u00e0 moderniser les syst\u00e8mes et bases de donn\u00e9es d\u2019inscription des \u00e9lecteurs, qui sont obsol\u00e8tes dans la plupart des \u00c9tats. L\u2019inscription automatique des \u00e9lecteurs \u00e9ligibles lorsqu\u2019ils font affaire avec les services des v\u00e9hicules motoris\u00e9s et d\u2019autres agences gouvernementales rationalisera nos syst\u00e8mes. Neuf \u00c9tats et le District de Columbia ont approuv\u00e9 l\u2019inscription automatique des \u00e9lecteurs, et la dynamique se renforce pour faire adopter cette r\u00e9forme de bon sens dans d\u2019autres juridictions. Une fois mise en \u0153uvre, cette politique a le potentiel d\u2019ajouter des dizaines de millions d\u2019\u00e9lecteurs aux listes \u00e9lectorales.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pr\u00e9-inscription pour les 16 et 17 ans<\/strong> permet aux jeunes de s&#039;inscrire pour voter afin qu&#039;ils puissent faire entendre leur voix lors de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9lection \u00e0 laquelle ils sont \u00e9ligibles. Seize \u00c9tats et le District de Columbia ont mis en place cette politique.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vote anticip\u00e9<\/strong> contribue \u00e0 garantir que le vote soit juste et accessible. Les Am\u00e9ricains devraient avoir une certaine flexibilit\u00e9 lorsqu&#039;il s&#039;agit de voter. La plupart des \u00c9tats autorisent une forme de vote anticip\u00e9 pendant une p\u00e9riode d\u00e9finie avant l&#039;\u00e9lection. Cela garantit que les Am\u00e9ricains qui travaillent ou qui voyagent le jour du scrutin peuvent voter. Pourtant, 13 \u00c9tats n&#039;autorisent pas le vote anticip\u00e9 et exigent une excuse sp\u00e9cifique pour voter par correspondance. Pour en savoir plus sur les proc\u00e9dures de votre \u00c9tat, visitez le site Web non partisan de la protection \u00e9lectorale, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.866ourvote.org\/\">www.866OurVote.org<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>3. Changer la fa\u00e7on dont nous finan\u00e7ons les campagnes politiques pour donner du pouvoir \u00e0 tous les Am\u00e9ricains, et pas seulement \u00e0 une poign\u00e9e de riches.<\/strong> Cela signifie renforcer le r\u00f4le des petits donateurs dans nos \u00e9lections. \u00c0 chaque cycle \u00e9lectoral, nos dirigeants \u00e9lus d\u00e9pendent de contributions de plus en plus importantes d\u2019une part de plus en plus petite de notre population. En cons\u00e9quence, nos dirigeants \u00e9coutent davantage une poign\u00e9e de donateurs et d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eats aux poches profondes que les Am\u00e9ricains ordinaires. Pour garantir que chacun ait une v\u00e9ritable voix en politique, nous avons besoin de politiques qui placent les petits donateurs au centre du financement des campagnes, en utilisant des fonds publics de contrepartie, des cr\u00e9dits d\u2019imp\u00f4t ou des bons de petite valeur pour encourager et compl\u00e9ter leurs dons. Fournir un soutien financier public pour amplifier le r\u00f4le des Am\u00e9ricains ordinaires dans le financement des \u00e9lections permet \u00e9galement \u00e0 davantage de personnes de se pr\u00e9senter aux \u00e9lections \u2013 en aidant \u00e0 \u00e9lire des titulaires de fonctions plus repr\u00e9sentatifs de la communaut\u00e9 dans son ensemble \u2013 et permet aux candidats de passer plus de temps \u00e0 \u00e9couter leurs \u00e9lecteurs, et conduit \u00e0 des politiques plus adapt\u00e9es aux besoins du public et moins biais\u00e9es par les int\u00e9r\u00eats des riches. Le Connecticut poss\u00e8de l\u2019un des syst\u00e8mes \u00e9lectoraux financ\u00e9s par les citoyens volontaires les plus efficaces de notre pays, avec plus de 75% de candidats \u00e9lus participant au programme. Contrairement au Congr\u00e8s, l&#039;assembl\u00e9e l\u00e9gislative du Connecticut a adopt\u00e9 des changements majeurs \u00e0 ses lois sur les armes \u00e0 feu \u00e0 la suite de la fusillade \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9cole \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de Sandy Hook. <a id=\"return-note-24-41\" class=\"simple-footnote\" title=\"Lisa W. Foderaro et Kristin Hussey, \u00ab Au lendemain du massacre de Floride, les d\u00e9fenseurs du contr\u00f4le des armes \u00e0 feu se tournent vers le Connecticut \u00bb, NY Times, 17 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/02\/17\/nyregion\/florida-shooting-parkland-gun-control-connecticut.html.\" href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#note-24-41\"><sup>41<\/sup><\/a>L&#039;\u00c9tat a interdit plus de 100 types d&#039;armes d&#039;assaut, les chargeurs d&#039;armes d&#039;une capacit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 10 cartouches et a renforc\u00e9 les v\u00e9rifications d&#039;ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents, entre autres changements apport\u00e9s \u00e0 ses lois. Les grandes municipalit\u00e9s de tout le pays adoptent ces programmes.\r\n\r\n<strong>4. Mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019argent secret en politique.<\/strong> Une d\u00e9mocratie forte du XXIe si\u00e8cle n\u00e9cessite des lois strictes en mati\u00e8re de transparence et de divulgation afin que chacun sache qui finance les campagnes politiques. L\u2019argent secret dans les \u00e9lections est inacceptable et antid\u00e9mocratique. Plus de 14800 millions de livres sterling provenant de sources secr\u00e8tes ont contamin\u00e9 nos \u00e9lections au niveau f\u00e9d\u00e9ral depuis Citizens United en 2010. Comme d\u00e9crit ci-dessus, la majeure partie des d\u00e9penses de la NRA ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accompagn\u00e9es d\u2019une divulgation tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9e \u2013 et elle s\u2019est battue avec acharnement pour que cela reste ainsi en faisant pression contre le DISCLOSE Act au Congr\u00e8s. Pourtant, des \u00c9tats comme la Californie, le Connecticut, le Maryland, le Massachusetts, le Montana, le Nouveau-Mexique et le Rhode Island ouvrent la voie avec des lois renforc\u00e9es en mati\u00e8re de divulgation pour les \u00e9lections d\u2019\u00c9tat.\r\n\r\n<strong>5. Cr\u00e9ez des #FairMaps et mettez fin au d\u00e9coupage \u00e9lectoral.<\/strong> Democracy should mean that everyone counts and has fair and equal representation. Voters should pick their elected representatives, rather than having politicians pick their constituents. Building off several legal victories and successes in creating strong systems in California and Arizona, efforts to implement solutions that increase fairness and transparency in drawing political boundaries are moving across the country. Redistricting that puts people first requires several elements. Every person living in a community must be fully and accurately counted. This can be achieved through improved census outreach and data collection while ending prison gerrymandering, the counting of prisoners where the prison is located instead of where they previously lived. Districts must adhere to the requirements of the Voting Rights Act and decision-makers should prioritize keeping communities of interest together. A transparent process that allows the public to fully engage requires meetings of decision-makers to be held in public, enforces strong conflict of interest protections, and makes data and software being used to draw districts publicly available. No deliberations among decision-makers should be kept from the people through legislative privilege or other means.\r\n\r\nOf course, none of these solutions alone will solve all our problems. But they will help to elevate the power of everyday Americans.\r\n\r\nTo learn more about these solutions, and to sign-up for action alerts nationally and in your state, sign-up at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/fr\/\">cause commune-mig.loc<\/a> et pr\u00e9parez-vous \u00e0 vous connecter et \u00e0 participer."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Remerciements<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Common Cause was founded in 1970 by John Gardner. Common Cause is a nonpartisan, grassroots organization dedicated to upholding the core values of American democracy. We work to create open, honest, and accountable government that serves the public interest; promote equal rights, opportunity, and representation for all; and empower all people to make their voices heard in the political process.\r\n\r\nThis report was produced with the support of small dollar contributions from Americans who believe in transparent, open, and accountable government and a democracy that works for all of us.\r\n\r\nThis report was written by Stephen Spaulding and Jesse Littlewood of Common Cause.\r\n\r\nThe authors wish to express their thanks to Karen Hobert Flynn, Scott Swenson, Dale Eisman, and Paul Seamus Ryan of Common Cause for their advice on this report, and to Kerstin Diehn for her design."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Contactez-nous<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"Pour toute demande de renseignements de la part des m\u00e9dias, envoyez un courriel \u00e0 David Vance \u00e0 l&#039;adresse dvance AT commoncause DOT org. Pour tout commentaire sur le rapport ou sur ce site, envoyez un courriel \u00e0 CauseNet AT commoncause DOT org. Pour vous impliquer dans le travail de Common Cause visant \u00e0 renforcer notre d\u00e9mocratie, envoyez-nous un courriel \u00e0 grassroots AT commoncause DOT org et dites-nous qui vous \u00eates, o\u00f9 vous vivez et sur quoi vous aimeriez travailler."}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<h2>Notes de bas de page<\/h2>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"<ol>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-1\">Statistiques cl\u00e9s sur la violence arm\u00e9e, Campagne Brady pour la pr\u00e9vention de la violence arm\u00e9e, http:\/\/www.bradycampaign.org\/key-gun-violence-statistics (derni\u00e8re consultation le 10 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-2\">La violence arm\u00e9e en chiffres, Everytown for Gun Safety, https:\/\/everytownresearch.org\/gun-violence-by-the-numbers\/ (derni\u00e8re consultation le 10 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-3\">Emily Weyrauch, \u00ab Les enfants noirs ont 10 fois plus de risques que les enfants blancs de mourir d\u2019une arme \u00e0 feu, selon une \u00e9tude \u00bb, Time, 20 juin 2017, http:\/\/time.com\/4823524\/gun-violence-black-children-study\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-4\">Jamie Ducharme, \u00ab Plus d\u2019Am\u00e9ricains que jamais soutiennent des lois plus strictes sur les armes \u00e0 feu, selon un sondage \u00bb, Time, 20 f\u00e9vrier 2018, http:\/\/time.com\/5167216\/americans-gun-control-support-poll-2018\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-5\">Christopher Ingraham, \u00ab Personne ne sait combien de membres compte la NRA, mais ses d\u00e9clarations de revenus offrent quelques indices \u00bb, Washington Post, 26 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2018\/02\/26\/nobody-knows-how-many-members-the-nra-has-but-its-tax-returns-offer-some-clues\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-6\">Une br\u00e8ve histoire de la NRA, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/home.nra.org\/about-the-nra\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-7\">Christopher Ingraham, \u00ab Personne ne sait combien de membres compte la NRA, mais ses d\u00e9clarations de revenus offrent quelques indices \u00bb, Washington Post, 26 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2018\/02\/26\/nobody-knows-how-many-members-the-nra-has-but-its-tax-returns-offer-some-clues\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-8\">Hahrie Han, \u00ab Voulez-vous un contr\u00f4le des armes \u00e0 feu ? Apprenez de la NRA \u00bb, NY Times, 4 octobre 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/10\/04\/opinion\/gun-control-nra-vegas.html. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-9\">Barbara Goldberg et Gina Cherelus, \u00ab Les partenaires commerciaux coupent le cordon avec la NRA alors que le d\u00e9bat sur le contr\u00f4le des armes fait rage \u00bb, Reuters, 23 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-guns-boycott\/corporate-partners-cut-cord-with-nra-as-gun-control-debate-rages-idUSKCN1G71OX. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-10\">Formation sur les armes \u00e0 feu de la NRA, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/firearmtraining.nra.org\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-11\">\u00ab Comment l&#039;industrie am\u00e9ricaine des armes \u00e0 feu est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la NRA \u00bb, NPR, 13 mars 2018, https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/03\/13\/593255356\/how-americas-gun-industry-is-tied-to-the-nra. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-12\">Edith Honan, \u00ab Un sondage r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les propri\u00e9taires d\u2019armes \u00e0 feu, m\u00eame les membres de la NRA, sont favorables \u00e0 certaines restrictions \u00bb, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-shooting-denver-guns\/poll-finds-gun-owners-even-nra-members-back-some-restrictions-idUSBRE86O02O20120725. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-13\">Colleen L. Barry, Ph. D., et al., \u00ab Apr\u00e8s Newtown \u2013 Opinion publique sur la politique relative aux armes \u00e0 feu et la maladie mentale \u00bb, New England Journal of Medicine, 21 mars 2013, http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMp1300512?query=featured_home&amp;. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-14\">V\u00e9rification des ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents pour les armes \u00e0 feu, National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action, 8 ao\u00fbt 2016, https:\/\/www.nraila.org\/get-the-facts\/background-checks-nics\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-15\">Eric Lipton et Alexander Burns, \u00ab La v\u00e9ritable source de l&#039;influence de la NRA : la mobilisation, pas les dons \u00bb, 24 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/02\/24\/us\/politics\/nra-gun-control-florida.html. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-16\">Chris McGreal, \u00ab La NRA n&#039;a pas bien tol\u00e9r\u00e9 la dissidence \u00bb : comment le lobby des armes \u00e0 feu reste fid\u00e8le \u00e0 son message, The Guardian, 23 octobre 2015, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/oct\/23\/national-rifle-association-gun-lobby-wayne-lapierre\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-17\">Formulaire 990 de l&#039;IRS 2015 pour la National Rifle Association, https:\/\/projects.propublica.org\/nonprofits\/organizations\/530116130. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-18\">Center for Responsive Politics, Outside Spending Summary 2016, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/detail.php?cycle=2016&amp;cmte=National+Rifle+Assn (derni\u00e8re consultation le 14 mars 2018). https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/contrib.php?cmte=C90013301&amp;cycle=2016 <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-19\">Violence Policy Center, Blood Money II : Comment l&#039;argent de l&#039;industrie des armes finance la NRA, 13 septembre 2015 http:\/\/www.vpc.org\/studies\/bloodmoney2.pdf. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-20\">Soutenir la NRA, Midway USA, https:\/\/www.midwayusa.com\/nra-support. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-20\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-21\">Walter Hickey, \u00ab Voici qui repr\u00e9sente r\u00e9ellement la NRA \u00bb, Business Insider, 19 d\u00e9cembre 2012, http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/the-nra-has-sold-out-to-the-gun-industry-to-become-their-top-crisis-pr-firm-2012-12. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-22\">Merci d&#039;avoir achet\u00e9 une arme \u00e0 feu chez Taurus, https:\/\/www.taurususa.com\/pdf\/NRA\/Taurus-NRA-Free-Membership-Print.pdf. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-23\">Droits aux armes contre contr\u00f4le des armes, Center for Responsive Politics, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/guns (derni\u00e8re consultation le 13 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-23\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-24\">Identifiant. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-24\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-25\">Analyse de cause commune des chiffres fournis par le National Institute for Money in State Politics, https:\/\/www.followthemoney.org\/show-me?f-fc=2&amp;d-eid=1854#[{1|gro=y (derni\u00e8re consultation le 14 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-25\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-26\">Droits aux armes contre contr\u00f4le des armes, Center for Responsive Politics, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/guns (derni\u00e8re consultation le 13 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-26\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-27\">Center for Responsive Politics, Outside Spending Summary 2016, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/detail.php?cycle=2016&amp;cmte=National+Rifle+Assn (derni\u00e8re consultation le 14 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-27\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-28\">Identifiant. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-28\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-29\">Droits aux armes contre contr\u00f4le des armes, Center for Responsive Politics, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/news\/issues\/guns (derni\u00e8re consultation le 13 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-29\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-30\">Center for Responsive Politics, Outside Spending Summary 2016, National Rifle Association, https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/outsidespending\/detail.php?cycle=2016&amp;cmte=National+Rifle+Assn (derni\u00e8re consultation le 14 mars 2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-30\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-31\">Peter Stone et Greg Gordon, \u00ab Le FBI enqu\u00eate pour savoir si de l\u2019argent russe a \u00e9t\u00e9 vers\u00e9 \u00e0 la NRA pour aider Trump \u00bb, McClatchy, 23 janvier 2018, http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/news\/nation-world\/national\/article195231139.html. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-31\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-32\">Identifiant. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-32\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-33\">Tim Mak, \u00ab L&#039;ampleur des liens entretenus par un homme politique russe avec la NRA r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e \u00bb, NPR, 1er mars 2018, https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/03\/01\/590076949\/depth-of-russian-politicians-cultivation-of-nra-ties-revealed. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-33\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-34\">Loi sur la protection du commerce l\u00e9gal des armes \u00bb, National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action \u00bb, 1er avril 2010, https:\/\/www.nraila.org\/articles\/20100401\/protection-of-lawful-commerce-in-arms. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-34\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-35\">Mike McIntire, \u00ab Un organisme \u00e0 but non lucratif conservateur agit comme un lobbyiste d\u2019affaires furtif \u00bb, New York Times, 21 avril 2012, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/04\/22\/us\/alec-a-tax-exempt-group-mixes-legislators-and-lobbyists.html. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-35\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-36\">Conf\u00e9rence nationale des l\u00e9gislatures des \u00c9tats, \u00ab Self Defense and &#039;Stand Your Ground&#039; \u00bb, 9 mars 2017, http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/civil-and-criminal-justice\/self-defense-and-stand-your-ground.aspx\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-36\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-37\">Adam Weinstein, \u00ab Comment la NRA et ses alli\u00e9s ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 diffuser une loi radicale sur les armes \u00e0 feu dans tout le pays \u00bb, 7 juin 2012, Mother Jones, https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/politics\/2012\/06\/nra-alec-stand-your-ground\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-37\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-38\">Manuel Roig-Franzia, \u00ab Fla. Gun Law to Expand Liability for Self-Defense \u00bb, 25 avril 2005, Washington Post, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/04\/25\/AR2005042501553.html. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-38\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-39\">John Nichols, \u00ab Comment ALEC a viol\u00e9 la loi de Floride sur le \u00ab permis de tuer \u00bb \u00bb, The Nation, 22 mars 2012, https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/how-alec-took-floridas-license-kill-law-national\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-39\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-40\">Conf\u00e9rence nationale des l\u00e9gislatures des \u00c9tats, \u00ab Self Defense and &#039;Stand Your Ground&#039; \u00bb, 9 mars 2017, http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/civil-and-criminal-justice\/self-defense-and-stand-your-ground.aspx\/. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-40\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"note-24-41\">Lisa W. Foderaro et Kristin Hussey, \u00ab Au lendemain du massacre de Floride, les d\u00e9fenseurs du contr\u00f4le des armes \u00e0 feu se tournent vers le Connecticut \u00bb, NY Times, 17 f\u00e9vrier 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/02\/17\/nyregion\/florida-shooting-parkland-gun-control-connecticut.html. <a href=\"https:\/\/takingonthenra.org\/#return-note-24-41\">\u21a9<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_add_component","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_add_component":null},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_work","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_work":{"heading":"Work","manually_curate":false,"work":null}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_resources","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_resources":{"heading":"Related Resources","button_text":"See all Related Resources","manually_curate":false,"resource":null}}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Power Shift: How People Can Take on the NRA Report - 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