{"id":689,"date":"2024-06-07T23:30:40","date_gmt":"2024-06-07T23:30:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/florida\/?post_type=resource&p=689"},"modified":"2024-06-07T23:32:49","modified_gmt":"2024-06-07T23:32:49","slug":"our-history","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/florida\/vi\/resources\/lich-su-cua-chung-toi\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i"},"template":"","class_list":["post-689","resource","type-resource","status-publish","hentry","resource_type-fact-sheet"],"acf":{"details":{"summary":"A Personal Memoir of the Common Cause Florida's early years, by our first Executive Director.","featured_image":"","resource_type":226,"authors":["{\"site_id\":\"45\",\"post_type\":\"person\",\"post_id\":265}"],"related_issues":false,"related_work":false,"location":12},"sidebar":{"helper_enable_sidebar":false,"helper_media_contact":{"heading":"Media Contact","manually_enter_person":false,"person":"","name":"","role":"","phone":"","email":""},"helper_links_downloads":{"heading":"Links & Downloads","links":null}},"page_layout":[{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n chung Florida: 1976-1984<\/h4>\r\n

<\/p>\r\nT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Common Cause \u1edf Florida th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Colorado v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1972, hai n\u0103m sau khi John Gardner th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u201cm\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i.\r\n

Craig Barnes, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u1edf Colorado, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c \u00f4ng Gardner v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Common Cause nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Common Cause. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Colorado, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Florida, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1973, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec3u bang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edf, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/p>\r\n

Esther Frieden, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang Florida, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Florida th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 112) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 106).<\/p>\r\n

N\u0103m 1976, khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong li\u00ean minh, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Common Cause \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Florida, th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Reuben Askew, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n Sunshine v\u00e0o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Florida. Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Florida. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\r\n

\u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m t\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Florida Common Cause.<\/p>\r\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng, t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Florida \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ti\u1ec3u bang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. Than \u00f4i, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thua trong gang t\u1ea5c t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Florida.<\/p>\r\n

Common Cause Florida l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t \u1edf hai ph\u1ea7n ba trong s\u1ed1 15 khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Florida khi \u0111\u00f3. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 14.000 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang nhanh ch\u00f3ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t "th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00edt nh\u1ea5t $50 cho t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\r\n

Trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 60 ng\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh 60 v\u00e0 70 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng khai\/lu\u1eadt h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a Florida. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u0103m, t\u00f4i \u0111i kh\u1eafp ti\u1ec3u bang, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Common Cause. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng to\u00e0n ti\u1ec3u bang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u201cch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ebfm hoi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh danh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Watergate.<\/p>\r\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3, khi Common Cause c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4i \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Bob Sykes, Qu\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 1. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 60 Minutes c\u1ee7a CBS \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong qu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u00f4i nh\u1edb m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee1 nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n Common Cause c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m b\u0103ng qua S\u00f4ng Apalachee. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed trong qu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean can \u0111\u1ea3m, \u0111\u00e3 hoan ngh\u00eanh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Common Cause r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Sykes \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7m s\u1edf ngay sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\r\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Common Cause l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang \u201cv\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\u201d. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1eed tri n\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\r\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hai ph\u00f2ng trong T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Petroleum, m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 hai t\u1ea7ng h\u00ecnh m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940), n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Capitol m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y (nay l\u00e0 g\u00f3c t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a Kleman Plaza). Capital Press Corps g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u201cFOG\u201d, nh\u01b0 trong \u201cForces of Good\u201d. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ACLU, Chi nh\u00e1nh Florida c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia, D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd Florida v\u00e0 Clearinghouse Against the Death Penalty. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i d\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh lang, thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1eb9o v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft sau khi d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Associated Industries v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a.<\/p>\r\n

T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 65% D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 35% C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f3 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung.<\/p>\r\n

Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a John Gardner l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n; lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed.<\/p>\r\n

Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng gian l\u1eadn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, Common Cause Florida \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ee6y ban S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng gian l\u1eadn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee6y ban S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu n\u0103m 1978, khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1edd b\u1ea1c s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c.<\/p>\r\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n cho c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp n\u0103m 1982 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Florida th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Florida \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1980. Bill Jones \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\r\n

Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, Dempsey Barron quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1ecdi Common Cause: "T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xen v\u00e0o n\u00e0y ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec?" C\u00f3 l\u00fac, \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 danh s\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00e1ch \u0110i\u1ec7n Capitol hai d\u00e3y nh\u00e0, vi\u1ebft s\u00e9c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u00f3i, "V\u1eady l\u00e0 xong. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa!"<\/p>\r\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, Common Cause Florida \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap th\u00f4ng qua \u201cLu\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n\u201d nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\r\n

T\u00f4i nh\u1edb \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang. Nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\r\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng khi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1eb1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/p>\r\n

Than \u00f4i, \u201cLu\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\r\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, Common Cause Florida c\u0169ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ti\u1ec7n \u00edch do ti\u1ec3u bang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\r\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, khi \u1ee6y ban D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u sang \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho quy tr\u00ecnh minh b\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7y ban ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\r\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u1ee7y ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t cao li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\r\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. Trong khi C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi b\u00e1c b\u1ecf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp quy c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Askew v\u00e0 Graham. K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Florida".<\/p>\r\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 \u1ee7y ban v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\r\n

T\u00f4i nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, do m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Harvard bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00e0i b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t "nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n", m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00f4ng tin x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc hai kh\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Harvard v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, l\u1eddi khai c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\r\n

T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n ch\u00e9o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ed1n gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean "tr\u00ean b\u1ee5c" bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee7y ban, Joe Cresse, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, "\u0110\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i. H\u00e3y nghe ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y n\u00f3i g\u00ec. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3".<\/p>\r\n

T\u00f4i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ti\u1ec7n \u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi; nh\u01b0ng theo t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\r\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Common Cause, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d, theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, John Gardner. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng duy nh\u1ea5t (ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh), c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao.<\/p>\r\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec7n Capitol trong c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 60 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u0103m, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kh\u1eafp ti\u1ec3u bang, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Common Cause, chu\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 "ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n" \u1edf c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 15 khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\r\n

T\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/p>\r\n

Sau g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb h\u1ebft t\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i t\u00f4i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\r\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Esther Frieden, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho lu\u1eadt b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Florida h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai trong ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/p>\r\n

Edna Warsowe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y thay m\u1eb7t cho Common Cause. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i Qu\u1eadn Broward v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong c\u1ea3 ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\r\n

Joe Shutt, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\r\n

Bud v\u00e0 Dorothy Wylie \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i Clearwater. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Associated Press, Bud \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp \u201cFlorida Frontline\u201d, m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u00e1 c\u1ea3i ra h\u00e0ng qu\u00fd, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n su\u00fdt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Dorothy \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/p>\r\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u00eau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Common Cause. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u201cFlorida Frontline\u201d. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201cc\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p l\u00ean. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i bay kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 nghe c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o sai. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u00eau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\r\n

Myrtle Levinson l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean h\u0103ng h\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Common Cause t\u1ea1i Qu\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 14, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian b\u1edfi Claude Pepper. (T\u00f4i nh\u1edb c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n Myrtle l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc Honda Civic \u0111\u1eddi 1980, hai s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quay \u0111\u1ea7u xe tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p tr\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Collins \u1edf B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Miami. Myrtle n\u00f3i, "\u0110\u1eebng lo, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 xe ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u bang." Myrtle coi bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 Qu\u1eadn Leon, FL l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Nam Georgia.)<\/p>\r\n

Louise Freeman \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n thanh to\u00e1n ri\u00eang, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u01b0u gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\r\n

Jerry Cope kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ti\u1ec3u bang n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Common Cause v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng. Al Hadeed, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u00edch, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Common Cause trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\r\n

C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Common Cause r\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 hai c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. Khi t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u, t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean cho Common Cause, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, khi con c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean khi t\u00f4i may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Florida.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\nPeter Butzin t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Common Cause Florida t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1982 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Common Cause Florida.<\/em>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_wysiwyg","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_wysiwyg":{"content":"

D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian (1975-1982)<\/h3>\r\n

1974:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Common Cause Florida<\/p>\r\n

1975:<\/strong>\u00a0H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/p>\r\n

1976:<\/strong>\u00a0Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea; Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n Sunshine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00edt sao t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Florida.<\/p>\r\n

1977:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n \u00c1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\r\n

1978:<\/strong>\u00a0Common Cause th\u00f4ng qua g\u00f3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua \u1ee6y ban S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u1eed tri Florida b\u00e1c b\u1ecf.<\/p>\r\n

1979:<\/strong>\u00a0Common Causes th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quy t\u1eafc th\u00f4ng qua \u1ee6y ban D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng<\/p>\r\n

1980:<\/strong> Common Cause b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai n\u0103m thay m\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1eabu c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch do C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\r\n

1982:<\/strong>\u00a0Common Cause \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Florida v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed.<\/p>"}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_add_component","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_add_component":null},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_work","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_work":{"heading":"Work","manually_curate":false,"work":null}},{"acf_fc_layout":"layout_resources","_acfe_flexible_toggle":"","component_resources":{"heading":"Related Resources","button_text":"See all Related Resources","manually_curate":false,"resource":null}}]},"yoast_head":"\nOur History - Common Cause Florida<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/florida\/vi\/resources\/lich-su-cua-chung-toi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Our History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/florida\/vi\/resources\/lich-su-cua-chung-toi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Common Cause Florida\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-07T23:32:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/florida\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/common-cause-share-image.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/florida\/resources\/our-history\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.commoncause.org\/florida\/resources\/our-history\/\",\"name\":\"Our History - 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